Definition of Communication Essay

IntroductionWhenever we move with separate people, intentional or unintentional, we communicate because of its abstract nature, the concept of parley is difficult to define. If one remembers talk Theory as a Field (Craig 1999), we gain insight into the scientific fields of converse, on how respective(a) the fields of study actually are. With such diversity among theorists approaches to discourse, it is even harder to get a single definition standing, at least within academia. The devil is in the details however some argue that it is sort of impractical to study a subject that isnt well defined.A First Look At communication Theory (Griffin 2012) offers a working definition. (Griffin 20126) states Communication is the relational subprogram of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response. But does this definition of what communication is suffice in the light of what the different theorists argue it is? This allow for be the main focus of my paper. I find it most reasonable to approach this question with two communication theories with different fundamental approaches to communication. In ramble to cover both the interpretive and objective a priori approach, I will discuss the definition in relation to Constructivism and Semiotics.The DefinitionThe definition consists of five move messages, creation of Messages, interpretation of Messages, A Relational Process, and Messages that elicits a response (Griffin 20126-9). Messages are the very core of communication study. (Griffin 20126). The creation of messages is the implication that messages is usually non randomly generated (constructed, invented, planned, crafted, constituted, selected, or adopted (Griffin 20127)). A message does not hold a meaning in and of itself e.g. on that point is a differentiation between the words and the meaning. Communication is considered a process, because it functions in a contextual sense. In addition, it is a relational phenomenon because it involves two or more than participants and affects their connection. And lastly, if a message fails to initiate each reactions, it would be ironic to call it communication according to Griffin.ConstructivismConstructivism approaches communication from the psychological vista, focusing on cognitive competence in interpersonal communication (Griffin 201298). The level of mutual competence is determined by the sophistication of the actors social lore skills, and their ability to conk out the social situation (the cognitive complexity of an actor (Griffin 201299)). The cognitive complexity is reflected in the communication process through the effectiveness of person-centered messages. the capacity to produce highly person-centered messages has been assessed by having participants generate messages in response to shopworn situations and and then coding these messages within hierarchical schemes for the degree of person centeredness manifested.For example, messages seeking to persuade others have been coded for the remainder to which the goals and desires of the target are taken into account. (Brant R. Burleson, Scott E. Caplan 1998II,B) In a constructivist suck in, the communication process is more goal-oriented than relational. Constructing the message in a communicational context is in and of itself an intention to get an anticipated or desired reaction. The perception and processing of others intentional efforts to convey some internal statemay be viewed as a special case of social perception (Brant R. Burleson, Scott E. Caplan 1998II,C). The addressed uses a received message as infix in the process of structuring their response. The effectiveness of a response is directly correlated to the messages goal related structure, and the cognitive complexity and perception skills of both addresser and addressed.SemiologySemiotics is the study of signs it involves the production and the analysis of socially attributed meaning to an object. The semiologist Roland Barthe s focused his research on signs we use in communication (Griffin 2012332). In Mythologies (Roland Barthes 2009) we see that Barthes perspective on communication is broader than the interpersonal level, focusing more on abstract connotations and mythical signs in a cultural context. He argues that reality is converted into speech through human history therefore there are no eternal meanings (Roland Barthes 2009132). Concordantly, the meaning of a sign dismiss shift as cartridge clip progresses, an original sign could become a denotation for something else through the semiotic process.The creation of meaning of signs is then not only an individual process it is also a conjunction and ongoing process of communication and human history. Barthes offers a semantic explanation, in his example of wrestling, to the reactions of the audience towards the wrestlers (Roland Barthes 200911-12). Arguing that, with French wrestling, different connotations approximately the mythical sign of justi ce were at interplay. So in the process of interpretation Meaning can be implicit. Unconsciously perceived as connotative factor(s) to what is consciously noticed, and then reacted upon.Directly applying the points of discussionExtending the commonalities and differences between the two theoretical views, with Griffins definition, some points are very clear. Both view messages as the core instrument in communication and see it as a process. Both agree that if no reaction is elicited in any way, then the function of the message initially failed. The circumstances thus are different in each point of view. However the aspects of messages in each theoretical view are defined in such a fashion without a response of any kind, it would be a contradiction to refer to them as such (If we, of course, interpret messages that elicit a response to take on apathetic responses). On the points of objection, it seems mostly to be a case of weighing the words, when viewed by all theoretical lens. As an example on the point of a relational process, constructivists might prefer goal-oriented sooner than relational. Or from Barthes perspective, adding a concept of creating meaning as a result of communication to the definition.ConclusionThe depict approaches in this paper of constructivism and semiotics, display clear differences in the assumptions, focus-points and explanations of communication. However their general outlook does not, in any significant way, object to Griffins working definition. I think this outcome qualifies the definition as sufficient, as a practical tool when studying communication. The evident boundary of my paper however, is the lack of other major theoretical lenses in the subject. Further work needs to be done in order to conduct a more unified definition.ReferencesBarthes, R. (2009). Mythologies. London Vintage Classics. 3-14 and 131-144 Craig, R.T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Communication Theory, 9, 119-161. Griffin, E. (2011). A Firs t Look at Communication Theory. 8th edition. New York McGraw Hill. J. C. McCroskey, J. A. Daly, & M. M. Martin (Eds.). (1998). Communication and constitution Trait Perspectives. Cresskill, NJ Hampton, pp. 233-286, Website Presshttp//www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/wrightr/const/bu98b.htmII.B.%20CC%20and%20%E2%82%ACMessage%20Production%E2%82%AC

Asses the Contribution of Functionalism to Our Understanding Essay

Functionalist gather ins are based on that society is a constitution of interdependent commences held together by a shared culture or consensus. They cogitate that either part of society performs functions that help keep society running effectively. They use the physical exertion of a body to explain the way society runs as each part of our body has to work together in order for us to stay alive this is the same as society according to a functionalist. breeding according to Emilie Durkheim (1903) consists of two main functions, creating well-disposed solidarity and teaching specialist skills.Social solidarity is the sense of being part of a group or society. Functionalists believe this is key to making education run accordingly as without social solidarity mickle would only self indulge in their own desires. Education helps to create social solidarity as it helps transmit societies culture, beliefs and set from generation to generationkeeping society running correspondingl y. Schools also operate in preparing children for society in real life by teaching the concepts of running(a) together with people you do not always no. his links with working as in work you ache to work coherently with people who you will not know. Specialist skills are having the necessary skills to perform their type in education to the bride way towards working life. Education helps children prepare for this through teaching children in opposite a range of subjects which they will then come to specialise in the subjects they are good in which will in turn help them earn money in society in by and by life.Education also according to functionalists gives all children an equal opportunity to develop on their own singular talents also known as meritocracy which is achieving through your own effort. Davis and Moore (1945) argue that education sorts children into their future educational roles by sorting their aptitudes and abilities which also links to social solidarity as to do certain jobs you need the necessary efficiency and experience. However there are criticisms of functionalists and education.Melvin Tumin (1953) put forward a circular argument and criticises David and Moore by set forward such questions as how do we know what job is more important? answer because its highly Rewarded and why are some jobs higher rewarded than others? answer because they are more important. Marxists believe that society only transmits the ideology of the ruling class therefore it disadvantages the working classes in education. One example is that Marxists prepare the working class for there jobs through education therefore it is only transmitting values of the ruling class.Also Marxists believe that the enunciate is controlled by the ruling classes who transmit the ideology state tool which is that it maintains control through controlling peoples ideas, values and beliefs through religion, mass media and the education system. This criticises the functionalist view as social solidarity is meant to transmit these values and beliefs which according to Marxists are only means to control the working class. Meritocracy according to Marxists is a myth as we are controlled by the higher classes and we cannot achieve our status we depute our status.Another big criticism of functionalism in education is that functionalists believe that everybody at school behaves and accepts all that is taught when this is not the true case. It does not explain why some people come to fail examinations if everybody works in a general consensus. Dennis Wrong (1961) refers to this as puppets in society. The new right believe that the state fails to prepare the young for work as the state discourages choice and competition.Another disadvantage is that functionalists cannot explain under-achievement and dissimilitude of opportunity in education. In conclusion Functionalism has a good general understanding of Education that it has quite obvious flaws as not everybod y is going to get on in society so it is impossible to have a general consensus. Also the disadvantages of Functionalism in education seem to out compact the positives therefore functionalism does not give a real positive understanding of education.

Breakthroughs in Modern Deep Sea Treasure Hunting

Modern ambiguous ocean treasure hunting and/or ripe marine archaeology have benefited greatly from two technical breakthroughs (1) military position scanning sonar and (2) remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). These two breakthroughs have made the largest financial impact on the profession than any other advanced breakthroughs in the same field. Before side scanning sonar and ROVs were developed for practical use, inscrutable sea treasure hunting professionals and marine archaeologists have to contend with human limitations on the vast three- props of the sea.Two dimensions involve blanket the length and width of the water surface or coastline (Smith). The third involves exploring the shrewdnesss. The first two dimensions challenge the opulence of time. Unlike sunken cities (Port Royal), ship clangorings have occurred in random places over a truly wide area. Tracking the exact location of sunken ships could take years through the investigation of historical records (Handwerk ), (Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC), sample dives and other traditional methods. Moreover, since shipwrecks have occurred at random periods in floor (Burke), pinpoint accuracy is an issue (Outer Continental).Deep sea explorers need to choose one shipwreck from a choice of legion(predicate) (Barrett). UNESCO estimates that there are more than 3 million shipwrecks in the innovation (Raja). Exploration costs a lot of money too. Bills fetch as much as d Thousand (Italy) or even US $6. 25 Million (Reuters) for one shipwreck alone. Hence, most deep sea explorers try to get financial backing from investors (Dennis) and concentrate their resources on just one shipwreck. With side scanning sonar, deep sea exploration companies can now cover larger areas at shorter periods of time.Odyssey leatherneck Exploration for instance covered 3,700 square miles and detected 2,100 possible shipwrecks in a period of little than four months (Outer Continental). Compare this with Mel Fishers 16-year search of Nuestra Senora de Atocha, a 1622 Spanish galleon wreck off the Florida Straits (Illingworth). Maybe even with Howard Collingwoods use of archival research and a adapter of historical texts as preliminaries to his cesium magnetometer scan of his target coverage (Interview). The third dimension challenges the forces of nature.Divers have to contend with these (1) great water pressures (2) strong undersea currents (3) murky and sometimes polluted water (4) hostile sea creatures like sharks, eels, and crabs (4) razor-sharp corals and other hard, pointed objects under the sea and (5) moving intemperate debris under water (Port Royal). In this dimension, ROVs have already accomplished many great things. The deepest deep sea treasure recovery has been made by ROVs at a depth of 170 meters (Reuters). ZEUS, a ROV, visually inspected 400 possible shipwrecks in a record-time of four months (Outer Continental).Moreover, with James Camerons filming of the Titanic (Florida), ROVs have been popularized and have become most financially-rewarding, Hollywood-style (Master). ROVs did non only address the forces of nature and provided safety to divers, ROVs also provided a new kind of treasure to deep sea professionalsroyalty income from films. Works Cited Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Australia. ABC Regional Online Australia 14 July 2005. . Jordan 2. 717. Barrett, Helen. Australia. 24 Hour Museum UK 17 July 2005. . Jordan 2. 717. Burke, Alan. Massachusetts. Gloucester Daily Times USA 26 July 2005. (article no endless available). Jordan 2. 79. Dennis, Jan. Dreams of Sunken Treasure Lure Ex-Hostage Back to South America. Associated Press 26 Sep. 2004. . Underwater. Florida. Jacksonville personal credit line diary Flordica, USA 27 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 79. Handwerk, Brian. North Carolina. National Geographic News USA 12 July 2005. . Jordan 2. 910. Illingworth, Montieth M. The Treasure Hunters Before You Invest in a Search for Sunk en Treasure, Find Out What You are Diving Into. Cigar Aficionado Online. 1995. 6 Jan. 2006. . Interview with Treasure Hunter. CNN. com Transcripts. Video transcript aired on 20 June 2004. CNN. 6 Jan. 2006. Italy. ANSA Rome, Italy 27 Sep. 2005.. Jordan 2. 914. Jordan, Brian, MAC. oceanic Cultural and Historic Newsletter 2. 7, Silver Spring, MD National nautical Protected Area Center, July 2005. . Marine Cultural and Historic Newsletter 2. 9, Silver Spring, MD National Marine Protected Area Center, Sep. 2005. Master of the Deep. New Scientist Interview. . Underwater. Outer Continental Shelf and International Waters. Tampa Bay Business Journal 26 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 912. Port Royal The Sunken City. Book Review. 6 Jan. 2006. UK AquaPress . Raja M. wreck Salvors See Treasure for the Taking. Asia Times Online 17 Sep. 2004. . Underwater. Reuters. Norway. MSNBC USA 20 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 915. Smith, Helena. Greece. The Boston Globe 11 Sep. 2005. . Jordan 2. 913.

Human Resource Essay

The paper would revolve around the discussion through with(p) over the concern regarding the rising wages of working class along with the decline in the issue of labor from China, which was previously considered to be the hub of labors from where the labor was supplied to other countries at a cheaper cost. Lets discuss this solvent in detail along with the explanation regarding the measures being taken by the organizations to depart their human resourcefulness strategies.Answer 1Competing on the basis of labor costs can generate both confirmatory and as well as negative outcomes for a company, or country. Talking to the postgraduateest degree the brighter side, companies these days endeavour to achieve the optimum profitability level in order to stay in the competition. thitherfore, what they do is to plight employees on vocalisation-time basis where employees would be paid on the basis of work they would do along with the working hours. This usually happens when the co mpanies start a new venture such as, product development, its launching, or promotion.It does drop a line huge costs for the company, but the overthrow rate rises drastically. Talking about the negative side of the picture, either it is the company or country it would result in a high turnover rate that a good deal increases the costs such as, reading costs. It is because when employees be hired by the companies, they must be trained about the job description that they are held responsible of. Therefore, investments are made by either sending them oversea or arranging workshops or training sessions.Obviously, when employees dont get enough pay, they would leave their jobs moreover, the supply of labor within the country would get minimized because workers might leave their country and go oversea to work for MNCs. Answer 2 There is absolutely no doubt that many organizations consider their hands as a main asset since the utilization of resources depend on their skills and abi lities. Employees often demand the companies to evaluate them, give them some autonomy, and involve them in the key managerial decisions where they can suggest new ideas.Companies, in order to keep their employees satisfied, introduce certain compensation packages and training sessions so that the employees think of themselves as part of the organization and get motivated. When managers invest over the training sessions and involve their subordinates in the key decisions, it becomes necessary for them to confine them at any cost or else they would leave their jobs. This would result in the loss of intellectual roof and loss of investment that was made to groom them by polishing their skills.As compared to the costs that incur for training the employees, the cost of labor force is much more than that. The reason is that when employees are trained and are kept up(p) by the company, it benefits the company not only in the short-run, but also in the long-run. Whereas on the flipside , when those skilled employees leave the company the labor costs take a domino effect because the firm would discharge those employees, the investment made on them, and would save to recruit others, and then train them again.Consequently, these companies must focus on retention of employees, and that can be done by offering them attractive compensation packages, further training, swelled autonomy, and promotion. Answer 3 Companies these days are really focusing on reshaping their human resource strategies and forming them in such a way that not only keeps the employees contented, but also benefit the overall organization. There are several ways adopted by the firms these days and are explained below.Organizations these days encourage and clog the heraldic bearing of collectivist attitude. Collectivists define themselves by their group membership, give group goals priority over their ad hominem goals, put more emphasis on harmonious relationships and experience more socially based emotions (Robbins & Judge, 2007) Moreover, single(a) rights is are also emphasized, that is to ensure the freedom of movement, physical security, and freedom of speech. Emphases are laid on the presence of health and safety and ensure the condemnation of actions or choices that are not safe for people, actions that violate truth and ethical principles.Equal employment opportunities are ensured where they hire individuals based on their intellect, creativity, enthusiasm and the presence of aroused Intelligence. In working structure, they value team relationship, team work, and team achievements moreover, their employees value the importance of effective converse and employee involvement while making certain decisions and delegating the tasks. There ratio of discrimination seems to be get lessened everyone is given equal opportunities and there is no glass ceiling for females or people from contrasting backgrounds.When it comes to improving and retaining the skills of empl oyees, many organizations rely on the concept of Employability, i. e. to continuously improve the employees working skills by the time to meet the requirements (Daft, 1997). Answer 4 Since the competition for workers in China is heating up where high wages are demanded by them and at the same time, companies seek to cut their redundant costs, especially from payrolls therefore, employers would unquestionably shape some of the terms and conditions regarding the working conditions, job type, compensation, working hours, and job security.First of all, since the supply of learned and skillful workers is less in China, so firms would have to recruit those who are procurable even if they are demanding high wages. Of Among these workers, many of them come from abroad to find best possible job opportunity. Another change that can be made is in the working hours, where companies can decide the job type, job status, and working hours of a worker before recruiting him or her.In this case , a contract would be signed in the midst of the worker and the company in which all the responsibilities and liabilities of both of them would be outlined, along with the penalties that either party would have to pay in case of violating the contract. A very enticing strategy that can be brought on is to introduce the Performance-based compensation play, where the employees whether they are contractual or regular, would be paid on the basis of their surgical process and productivity level.Moreover, chances of promotion would only be for those who perform well and benefit the organization. This would result in enkindle the motivation among the employees to gain more knowledge and skills, perform better, and abide by the rules and regulations. Not only this, the turnover rate that China is currently facing, would decline to a great extent and would attract the best available talent, which would be beneficial for both the employees and the business.

Market Structures and Pricing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Market Structures and Pricing Strategies - analyze ExampleThe basic understanding underlining the case arena is that the four basic social anatomical structures are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. amend Competition and Monopoly are the extreme forms and most of the securities industrys in existence lie amongst the two extremes. It has been observed by economists that perfect competition and monopoly are theoretical. During 1930s Edward Chamberlin of Harvard University and Joan Robinson of Cambridge University tried to make the study of market structures more realistic. The structure they analyzed is called monopolistic competition. The concept of perfect competition was first introduced by Adam Smith in his book Wealth of Nations. Later on, it was improved by Edgeworth. However, it received its execute formation in andiron Kights book Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Perfect competition is the market structure where you have large number o f buyers and sellers. The sellers sell identical products. An instance of Perfect Competition is the market of bathe soaps. Key characteristics of Perfect Competition are 1.Knowledge is freely available2.No barriers to entry3.Firms educate identical products4.No single firm can influence the harm. The firm is the price taker and the price is fixed by the industry demand and supply.5.There are large number of firms in the market6.The designer of the firms is profit maximisation noncompetitive competition and Oligopoly lie among the two extreme market structures of Perfect Competition and Perfect Monopoly. ... Later on, it was improved by Edgeworth. However, it received its complete formation in Frank Kights book Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921). As stated on http//economicsconcepts.com/perfect_competition.htm Perfect competition is the market structure where you have large number of buyers and sellers. The sellers sell identical products. An example of Perfect Competition is the market of dishwashing soaps. Features of Perfect Competition Key characteristics of Perfect Competition are 1. Knowledge is freely available 2. No barriers to entry 3. Firms produce identical products 4. No single firm can influence the price. The firm is the price taker and the price is determined by the industry demand and supply. 5. There are large number of firms in the market 6. The motive of the firms is profit maximisation 2. Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition and Oligopoly lie between the two extreme market structures of Perfect Competition and Perfect Monopoly. What is Monopolistic Competition? In this market structure, there are many buyers and sellers, like in a perfect competition. However, the products are more differentiated. An example could be Restaurants, where every restaurant may specialize in a different cuisine. As Karen collins puts it in the book Exploring Business, Products can be differentiated in a number of ways, including quality, s tyle, and convenience, location, and brand name. Features of Monopolistic Competition The Key features of Monopolistic Competition as mentioned in the book Economics Principles and Policy by William j. Baumol and Alan S. Blinder are 1 Large number of buyers and sellers 2 Freedom of entry and exit 3 Perfect Competition 4 Heterogeneous

Comparrison between Aviation biofuel and the other types of fuel that Essay

Comparrison between Aviation bio provoke and the other types of fuel that are used today for airplanes - Essay ExampleBiofuel (96) is an old method that existed rachis in 500AD when revolution was taking place. People back then used to recycle waste materials to ignite their newbornly invented machines. This method of recycling went on until new forms of ignition evolved. Apparently airline companies are looking for ways in which they can cost on fossil fuels which are being used in this new modern era. Researchers have found that the habit of biofuel is lock possible even without modernizing the ignition engines like in cars. Although this is larncluded research has been made, there still lay some concern about using the biofuel in aviation as compared to the other fuel that is being used such as gasoline and fossil fuels. These concerns are in form of pros and con of using either of the two kind of fuel in aviation (96).The advantages of using bio-fuels would be its environme ntally balanced carbon (IV) oxide impact, its capability to become a sustainable fuel, and it may result in begin engine emissions. This emission are named babys room gas emissions which poised to grow, as air travel increases and desktop vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol. Currently, aviation represents two percent of global emissions, but is judge to grow to three by 2050(Eliasson, Riemer & Wokaun 1999). In addition, long-term solutions are said to dramatically crucify the emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, alternate fuels with low to zero carbon content, such as swimming hydrogen or liquid methane, might be used. The exact to build fuel efficient aircraft and operating them more efficiently the need to change the fuel source is one of the few options the aviation industry has in order to reduce its carbon. Hydrogen electric and solar propelled aircraft are in research, there are no expectations that they will be feasible in the near or term due to avia tions need for high power-to-weight ratio and globally compatible infrastructure (Eliasson, Riemer & Wokaun, 1999). Therefore, in

Interprofessional working 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Interprofessional working 3 - Essay ExampleIt moves on to say that deplorable teamwork skills in health upkeep are contributory factors that causes negative occurrences in patient care, whereas effective teamwork produces much positive patient results.In relation to the above, the situation and cases of Florence and Janine were especially motivating and intriguing especially on the part where Florence said that she was confused and did not know whom to trust. Likewise with Janines circumstances wherein she described a typical doctor-patient scenario that could have been avoided once the typical barriers of communication are overcome by both parties. art object its true that there may be cases when going to the General Practitioner or GP requires a number of visits in order to get satisfactory treatment, practicing the proper decorum in either patient-doctor encounter is required and necessary to produce effective results.The working collaboration amidst health care professional to attain effective and patient-focused kind of care (Ross et al, 2005) requires crossing of boundaries and giving one hundred pct support to every team member. Even though the current changes and issues that surround professional identity and relationships between health care professional could create cases where the traditional professional identities and roles are no longer recommended. However, those obscure in health care giving must work out their differences and negotiate, to be able to grant the pauperizationed care for a client or patient. In slightly instances, medical health practitioners need to adjust their roles and re-classify their actual profession as a health care giver. This could lead to difficulties between some practitioners regarding conflict of roles and professional boundaries.Any issues regarding misunderstanding could be due to how medical practitioners serve