Chemical dependency Essay Example for Free

Chemical dependency EssayGroup StructureType of collection This meeting was a Narcotics anonymous Open Sharing Meeting. This component, where anyone tending had the opportunity to share. There was no direct feedback from the other participants during the share, thus only one person radius at any given term during that portion of the meeting. Organizational affiliation Narcotics anonymous as a radical has no affiliation outside of Narcotics anon.. As a group they have no opinion on outside issues, including those of politics, science, or medicine, and do not endorse any outside organization or institution. The fellowship does not promote itself, but rather attracts new members through public information and outreach. Narcotics Anonymous groups and areas supply outside organizations with factual information regarding the Narcotics Anonymous program, and individual members may carry the Narcotics Anonymous message to hospitals and institutions, such as treatment centers and jai ls. Narcotics Anonymous as a group base their public dealing policy on attraction rather than promotion. Physical environment This meeting was held in the recreation room in the basement of a church.There was an simple table at the head of the two rows of chairs placed in a 360 degree circle. Participants There were roughly 40-50 participants ranging in age from mid teens to late 50s. There were only 5 females in attendance. This groups ethnicity was about 85% Caucasian, 10% African American and 5% Latino. Leadership structure In different areas the work is divided differently, and the particular jobs are sometimes called different names.At this particular meeting the leadership structure was as follows, ranking from cabbage to bottom in hierarchy. Chairperson, Co-Chairperson, Secretary, Treasurer and Group service representative (GSR).ProcessWhat the group does for a persons first visit? First time visitors andnewcomers to this meeting were asked to introduce themselves by first name only. These individuals were welcomed by all the participants at the meeting. These individuals were given a hand shake, a hug and a blanched key tag (by a presenter) that said welcome on one side and on the other side had the Narcotics Anonymous logo. How members contribute to the groups leadership? Members who attend the same meeting on a regular basis to establish a recovery network and reliable routine deduce this to be their kinsfolk Group.These group members are able to participate in the groups business, and play an important role in decision making how the structure, leadership and the groups meetings will be conducted. Each member has a vote in this process and the majority vote rules. Activities that occurred during the meeting. There were no physical activities during this meeting but certain individuals read inserts from the Basic Text Book of Narcotics Anonymous pertaining to that weeks format and agenda.Address the following questionsHow did the group begin? The group began by the Chairperson knocking on the table to gain every ones attention, accordingly announcing them self, followed by stating the name of this group (Dead Man Walking) then reciting the Serenity Prayer. How was the purpose of the meeting communicated? The purpose of the meeting was indicated by preamble which was read by the Chairperson also by the reading of the secretarys report, which was read by the C-Chairperson, this stated the purpose of the meeting and the rules in which the participants were required to oblige by.How was the meetings agenda established? The agenda varies in some(prenominal) way seems to best suit the personality of the group and the needs of the addicts in the community. This meetings agenda and format was established by the governing members (from the Home Group) and varies from week to week but was mostly based on the 12 Steps and 12 Traditions of Narcotics Anonymous.Techniques used to encourage people to participate. It was announced to all those attending the meeting that participation was optional. What extent were these techniques effective. There was no pressure on anyone which do the atmosphere very comfortable. What are participants responsibilities for the meeting process?Anonymity of the groups participants and process were the main responsibilities from all those attending and keeping the share timebetween 3-5 minutes and not interrupting the person who was talking. How were these responsibilities explained? These responsibilities were explained to the group in occurrence during the reading of the secretarys report. How did the group demonstrate interest, acceptance, etc. in those attending?The participants showed interest by paying close attention to the individual who was sacramental manduction and when those who shared finished, everyone in the group (at one time) thanked that person for overlap their story. What emotions were observed? There were a couple of times when an individual who was tellin g their story began to cry. opposite times there was some laughter from the group when certain individuals identified their own story with the one the person was sharing. How did the participants respond to expressions of these emotions?The participants expressions showed true concern and empathy for those who were sharing their experience, strength and hope. Were there any decisions made for future events or meetings? It was stated in the secretarys report that all meeting events and decisions are discussed and made during the groups monthly business meeting. The business meeting for this group is held on the second Saturday of the month. Describe any observation of any remedial factors. The therapeutic value of one addict helping another gave each participant the feeling of acceptance and familiarity.There were a lot of similarities between the structure of an Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meeting. A major difference I witness at the Alcoholics Anonymous meeting f rom the Narcotics Anonymous meeting was, at the Narcotics Anonymous Meeting it was suggested that those who was sharing not to acknowledge or mention there drug use.At the Narcotics Anonymous meeting it was clearly stated that Narcotics Anonymous does not distinguish a difference between substances, they are all inclusive, Alcohol is a drug. It was also stated at the Narcotics Anonymous meeting that anyone from the other fellowship (Alcoholics Anonymous) was authentic at this and all Narcotics Anonymous meetings.

Romanticism in American Lit Essay Example for Free

Romanticism in American Lit EssayanRomanticism in American Literature brought us some of the worlds greatest writers ever to live. Writers such as Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau all wrote during the Romanticism period. Without them we would not have stories such Moby Dick, Resistance to Civil Government, The American Scholar, The Scarlet Letter, and Edgar Allan Poes most notorious flora such as The Raven and Annabel lee. The Romanticism movement started in Europe and in the late 1820s it worked its way into America. It was aimed as a rebellion against the sense movement.It was also referred to as the American Renaissance beca wasting disease it was the rebirth of literary values lost previously in the enlightenment era and Puritanism era. American Romanticism was in a broad sense a new attitude toward nature, humanity, and association that espoused individualism and freedom. Characteristics of love affair writing included the power of imagination, impulse towards reform, admiration for nature, and the enthrallment with death and the supernatural. Romanticism literature had two very different sides to it, one being optimistic and the other is pessimistic.On the optimistic side you had writers such as Walt Whitman, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Pessimistic writers included Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Edgar Allan Poe was a very dark romanticist and was also a very deeply pessimistic writer, notwithstanding in a philosophical kind of way. He wrote poems, novels, and examines throughout his writing career, and he even developed the style of southern gothic writing. His poems often portray a vulcanized fiber in despair and he explores the state of the mind a lot.Another trait of Poe is he uses a lot of symbolism and imagery for example his use of darkness and light in the poem Annabel Lee. Poe implies that the kingdom by t he sea is a bright, cheerful place where the sun shines on two newborn lovers, the narrator and Annabel Lee. Ironically, in another realm of dazzling lightheaventhe highest order of angels, the Seraphim grow dark with envy of the young couple. Under cover of night, they bare a cold wind that kills Annabel Lee The wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee. But the narrator says he remains in a realm of light, for his soul and the soul of Annabel Lee are one. In the last couple lines, Poe emphasizes this point with light imagery For the moon never beams without delivery me dreams, Of the beautiful Annabel Lee And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes, Of the beautiful Annabel Lee (679). Poes writing goes down in account statement for being some of the best literary works to ever come out of this period in American literature. Poe was a pessimistic writer on the other hand was Henry David Thoreau who was a very optimistic writer.One quote a found from Thoreau was just to love your life. In his essay Resistance to Civil Government he shows his rebellion in committing to governments values and musical themes. Is very clearly stated at the beginning when Thoreau says The Government is best which governs least(prenominal) (829). Thoreau was a strong believer of take action for our own principles and to start thinking for ourselves and if you want change make it happen if you think its right. at long last he was jailed for his beliefs.Those including not believing for paying for stuff that didnt benefit people and also for not supporting the Mexican American war, but Thoreau said to make changes sometimes good people have to go to jail. The romanticism period came to an end in the mid 1860s, and In conclusion the romanticism period in America was a notice for writers to break out of the cookie cutter mold of previous eras and a chance for writers to get their views and ideas out to the world through their literature. Ro manticism writing can be broken up into eight different key ideas.Individualism is the idea that every person on earth knows God in their own way, and we will find truth for ourselves. Emerson and Melville often fall into the category of individualism. Organicism is the concept that society or the universe is comparable to a biological organism, as in development or organization, everything is connected. Unity and diversity stated that things are made up of many parts, but they all come together to make a one whole object. Dynamic change is the idea that the whole world brought us to this one moment yet the world is in a constant state of change. Imagination, originality, emotional, and finally nature.

Strategic Planning in the Australian Coffee market

Strategic Planning in the Australian cocoa tree securities industry industry/Market definitionThe Australian Coffee Industry comprises all the firms that offer crossways for sale that atomic number 18 derived from java beans. There ar handsome coffee products, ie whole and ground coffee beans, and secondment coffee products.Each kind of product has its own sign mart. A market is the set of all actual and effectiveness buyers of a product (Kotler et al 1998, p885). The pure coffee market consists of all the actual and potential buyers of whole or ground coffee beans. The instant coffee market consists of all the actual and potential buyers of instant coffee.For the purposes of this assignment, I will focus on the instant coffee market in Australia.Part1Macro environsThe trade environment inwardly which a ships company operates is dynamic. Its consists of a microenvironment, and a macroenvironment. The microenvironment is the forces close to the company that affect its f aculty to serve its customers. The macroenvironment is the larger societal forces that affect the whole microenvironment, (Kotler et al 1998, pp885-886)The macroenvironment consists of six types of forces demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural forces. A companys trade strategy must take into account changes and trends in these environments that sack up present opportunities or pose threats. A successful firm is one that on a regular basis modifies it merchandise inter ruffleture and strategies to adapt to these changes (Czinkota et al 2000, p17).Below I will outline the six macroenvironmental forces, and how they may affect the instant coffee market in Australia.Demographic environmentDemographics are the study of human populations in terms of coat, density, location, age, sex, race, occupations and other statistics (Kotler et al 1998, p105). The demographic environment consists of all the aforementioned demographic variables, and their ability to affect the Australian instant coffee market. The importance of the demographic environment lies in the fact that all demand for a product derives ultimately from race (Cannon 1998, p41).Kotler et al (1998, p113) noned that demographic developments have transformed the Australian marketplace from a mass market into much fragmented micro-markets differentiated by age, sex, geography, lifestyle, ethical code background, education and other factors. Recent demographic trends in Australia are a better-educated and more white-collar population, increasing ethnic diversity, and changing age structures. The implications of such(prenominal)(prenominal) changes are that organisations must now design products and marketing programs for the specific micro-markets they wish to target.While all demographic variables have the potential to affect the instant coffee market in Australia, the area of particular significance is the emergence of ethnic micro-markets. Ethnic communities now reach o ut up a significant and growing part of the Australian population, who have clear product and punctuate preferences (Bradmore et al 1997, p88). Thus, there is now demand for a wider variety of coffee styles to suit ethnic tastes, which requires the development of wise products and marketing strategies. For example, since ninety-five percent of all coffee drunk by Italians is espresso, (Barton 2000), many companies have developed instant espresso products.Economic environmentThe economic environment consists of the factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns (Kotler et al 1998, p113). Factor take income and employment levels, inflation levels, savings and credit conditions, the cherish of the Australian dollar and so on.This aspect of the macroenvironment is important to the Australian instant coffee market, as it is to any market, beca character consumers must have the purchasing power to back up their desire for the products. However, since non-price facto rs, such as branding, are a significant basis for competition for coffee products (IBIS World 2000, p8), changes in retail coffee prices will not have a huge effect on the market share of any one manufacturer.Despite that, economic factors that do affect the Australian coffee market include the value of the Australian dollar. Virtually all coffee beans are imported, and their prices vary with changes in the relative exchange rates (IBIS World 2000, p15). A low value of the Australian dollar, as is the present case, drives up input prices for manufacturers, which may be passed onto consumers.Furthermore, the Association of Coffee Producing Countries, which accounts for three quarters of world coffee-bean production, has announced plans to restrict the output signal of beans, which would mean it could control prices (Crawford 2000, p1). The effect of this possible price control is not yet known, however it could drive smaller manufacturers out of the market if the price ontogenesis s are too high.Also, another issue is the level of disposable income of Australians. With an increase in income, consumers are increasingly likely to purchase higher woodland products rather than to hardly purchase more. Thus there is a growing market for higher feeling and priced instant coffee. As noted in the IBIS World Report for C2179 food for thought Manufacturing, higher income facilitated the successful introduction of specialtycoffee products. (IBIS World 2000, p7). The GST is not applicable to coffee products, solely GST on pure coffee products served at commercial premises could increase the market potential for instant coffee.Natural environmentThe natural environment concerns the natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are moved(p) by marketing activities (Kotler et al 1998, p116). Today, there is a growing awareness of the need to preserve our planet, and that includes the need to protect our natural environment from the potentially pesti ferous affects of industrial activities. Since coffee producers make recitation of the natural environment, there is a potential for this aspect of the macroenvironment to be quite significant to the Australian coffee industry.Consumers, more than ever, are beginning to boycott products that have been manufactured in such a way as to damage the environment. This is putting pressure on manufactures to ascertain all procedures are environmentally friendly, or risk losing market share. Such issues that involve coffee manufacturing are the use of pesticides and chemicals, pollution from manufacturing plants, excessive water use in the production stage, and the effect of farming the land in regard to future erosion and depletion of natural minerals.Also, the supply and price of coffee beans to the Australian Coffee market is at the mercy of the natural elements. The IBIS World (2000, p27) Industry Report stated that coffee bean prices are forecast to increase sharply(as)the result of hapless seasonal conditions in Central America and low stocks.Technological environmentThe technological environment is the forces that affect new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities (Kotler et al 1998, p889). Since coffee was disc overed in around 1000AD (Nescaf 2000), the methods used to grow, harvest, process and manufacture coffee products has certainly evolved. The use of irrigation systems, fertilisers, machinery in the harvest process, and the introduction of automated, computer controlled equipment (in Australian processing plants) has raised efficiency and, in many cases, has also improved product quality (IBIS World 2000, p25).However, the al more or less recent influential forces concern advances in manufacturing processes, and developments of new coffee machines for home use.New technologies had made it possible for Australian instant coffee manufacturers to produce a wider range of products, of higher quality. For example, Nescaf have deep int roduced a new instant Caf Latte range, and also new instant Espresso. Also, using freeze-dried technology, instant coffee has a significantly longer ledge life than any product in the pure coffee market, which is a significant advantage.However, over the past few decades, the development of inexpensive coffee perculators and plungers has increase the attractiveness of pure coffee products, often at the expense of the instant coffee market. For example, Melitta House of Coffee recently introduced a coffee maker that makes 10-15 cups of coffee as quickly as boiling a jug. Lastly, the advent Internet shopping is allowing consumers to make purchases on-line, and from foreign suppliers, thus posing a threat to the size and profitability of the Australian coffee market.Political environmentThe political environment consists of the laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organisations and individuals in the society (Kotler et al 1998, p887).Like in al l markets, organisations that operate in the Australian instant coffee market are subject to laws that regulate virtually all aspects of their business, including such areas as food and health safety, pollution emissions, and advertising and labelling requirements. However, the political environment does not have large intrusion on the Australian coffee market. ethnic environmentThe cultural environment consists of the institutions and forces that affect societys basic values, perceptions and behaviours (Kotler et al 1998, p882). Changes in Australian finishing, and the emergence of varied sub-cultures can have a large impact on the instant coffee market in Australia. As Hugh Mackay, chairman of Mackay Research Pty Ltd stated Anyone who is serious about communicating with contemporary Australiansneeds to understand the most contemporary trends in attitudes and behaviour. (Bradmore et al 1997, p62)Recent trends in Australia that are having a particular affect on the instant coffe e market are the redefinition of health and associated anxieties about diet, fitness and stress, and the recent emergence of a young Australian coffee culture.Australians are, more than ever, concerned about their health. There is a wealth of investigate linking caffeine to many ailments, and thus, this is increasing demand for the healthy alternative decaffeinated products. There is also the threat the consumers could boycott coffee products all together, and switch to another beverage, such as tea, which is well known for its positive health benefits.In addition, the market for all types of coffee is benefiting from an era of coffee in AustraliaA real coffee culture is growing. (Miller 2000, p3) People are not only drinking more coffee, but becoming coffee connoisseurs. Coffee is no longer just a product, but a means of self-expression. As a society we are placing the emphasis on quality, not quantity, and as such consumers are buying more exotic instant coffees (Bannister 2000 , p17).There has also been an emergence of many different subcultures. A subculture is a group of slew with shared value systems based on commons life experiences or situations (Kotler et al 1998, p123). Today, there is wide range of subcultures, particularly those based on nationalities, which is leading to demand for a wider variety of products.Part2The marketing mixHow it is used by two companies to target the australian instant coffee market.There are many organisations that operate within the instant coffee market in Australia. Each company positions themselves with a unique marketing mix that is aimed at specific segments of the market.Kotler et al (1998, p57) defines the marketing mix as the set of governable marketing variables that the company blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. The variables of the marketing mix are the four PsProduct the goods-and-service combination the company offers to the target market (Kotler et al 1998, p57).Price the am ount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product (Kotler et al 1998, p58).Place (Distribution) involves company logistics and marketing activities concerned with the devising and distributing the final product (Kotler et al 1998, p58).Promotion the activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade the target customers to buy it (Kotler et al 1998, p58). This includes advertising, publicity, sales promotions, personal selling, direct marketing and sponsorship.I will focus on the marketing mix of Nescaf and of Robert Timms.NescafNescafe products are produced by Nestle. Necafe holds a vary large share of the instant coffee market in Australia. trade mix outlineProductThere is a range of Nescaf products getable (see Table 1 below).PriceThe prices of the Nescaf products have been listed in Table1 Nescaf products and price.Place (Distribution)The Nescaf product range is available in all large supermarket chains (Safeway, Coles etc). Smaller, independent grocers or stockists generally have a smaller range that would include Nescaf give-up the ghost 43.Promotiona variety of promotional techniques. This includesLarge scale advertisingThey advertise their products in a wide variety of print, broadcast and display media. Their most recent nation wide advertising campaigns were the Open up with Nescaf series, and the Nescaf in the morning series.Sales promotionsNescaf regularly runs contests that coincide with new product launches or advertising campaigns. Recent promotions were* win $1000 every morning for a month* Win the Nescaf Latte Lounge to promote the new latte rangeNescaf also use point of sale promotions, have cash-back offers, and have give-aways. Eg. a free Nescaf mug was given away with every purchase of 500g of Blend 43. The mug was the analogous type as that used in the Nescaf in the morning advertisement series.SponsorshipNescaf sponsors the* Nescaf Big Break competition which will give away $180,000 to young people (aged 16-2 1) with original and achievable ideas.* Nescaf Short Film Awards which offers a total of A$50,000 in cash awards to short film makers. There is a student sept in this competition.Nescaf also has an Australian website (www.cafe43.com.au) where information on all products, competitions and events can be accessed.Marketing mix analysisNescafs marketing mix is aimed at a large and varied segment of the instant coffee market. They could be considered the Myer of the instant coffee industry. The most obvious segments of the market they target are* puppylike adult caf culture segment They target this segment with their new latte range, along with the advertising, sales promotion and the competition to win the lounge seen in the advertisements.* Upscale, quality driven, higher income consumers Their Nescaf Gold range, and exotic tastes such as Alta Rice are aimed towards such consumers, where the price and qaulity are higher than that of the general blends.* Middle-class consumer (no age target) Nescaf targets such a large segment with their Blend 43, Mild Roast and Espresso products. The consumer gets an economical benefit, as well as a quality product.Furthermore, Nescaf attempts to tap into the ethnic segment using their Espresso and exotic blends. In their advertisements for espresso, they use local Italian actor, Nick Giannopoulos.In general, since Nescaf has the largest range of instant coffee products in Australia, and has such a herculean brand name, they have a consumer franchise they gain brand recognition and demand consumer loyalty. In particular, their most popular product, Nescaf Blend 43, is seen as the peoples coffee. In their advertisements, they use actors of varied age, gender, occupations and ethnicity.Robert TimmsRobert Timms is Australias oldest coffee company. It is the leader in the coffee bean market (Bannister 2000, p17), and has only entered the instant coffee market over the last couple of years.Marketing mix outlineProductRobert Timms offers coffee bags (which work in the same manner as a tea bag) in four stylesCaf Style EspressoItalian Style EspressoMocha Kenya StyleRoyal SpecialThe coffee bags are a mix of ground and instant coffee.They also have* Presmoto Gourmet lug Dried Coffee.* Molto Gourmet Granulated CoffeePriceRobert Timms coffee bags are sold in* packs of 8 for $2.35, or* packs of 18 for $4.83I was not able to find the price of Presmoto and Molto soluble coffee as I could not find an outlet that stocks it.PlaceRobert Timms coffee bags are available in all large supermarket chains, but sporadically in independent stores. I am not aware of where the gourmet soluble coffee can be purchased. It was not available in any large supermarket I have visited.PromotionRobert Timms has only begun extensive promotion since early 2000, after be relatively low in profile. They do not promote the coffee bags or gourmet instant coffee specifically, but rather they promote the brand name. Promotional tools used by Robe rt Timms areLarge scale advertisingRobert Timms most recent nation wide advertising campaign was the Think it over with Robert Timms series, which is seen on broadcast, print and display media.SponsorshipRobert Timms is the official coffee supplier to the 2000 Olympic Games.Robert Timms also has a web site (www.reoberttimms.com). It mainly has information on the annals of the company and it products.Marketing mix analysisRobert Timms positions itself in the instant coffee market as a provider of the very highest quality coffee products. The company prides itself on its heritage. As it states on its web-siteWe are a dedicated group of Australians producing coffee, coffee related products and services that are comparable to the very best in the world.http//www.roberttimms.com/about/index.html Opens in a new windowThe company has targeted its instant coffee products to the high income, quality driven segment of the instant coffee market. The quality of their products is reflected in t he prices, which are expensive, and the packaging, which uses the stylish combination of black and gold.Furthermore, through their role as official coffee supplier to the Olympics, they are also associating themselves with the pursuit of worthiness and the Australian spirit.Their promotional campaign Think it Overwith Robert Timms creates a relaxed, yet sophisticated feel about the company and their products. The premise behind the campaign is best summed up on their web-siteTake some time out of your busy day to enjoy our coffee and you too can Think it Overwith Robert Timms Reflect on the day, make the right decision at work or just decide to relax. Its up to you.http//www.roberttimms.com/think_it_over/index.html Opens in a new windowThus, while their marketing mix is targeted at high-income consumers who want high quality, they made sure they did not exclude a large share of the market by appearing overly elitist.Nescaf vs. Robert TimmsThe marketing mix of Nescaf and the marketi ng mix of Robert Timms are quite different. These differences reflect the different positioning of the two companies, and the segments of the market they were aiming to capture.Whereas Nescafe has targeted a larger percentage of the market, with quality but affordable products, Robert Timms has targeted a narrower segment with gourmet, expensive products.Generally, Robert Timms and Nescaf are no real direct threat to each other. While they do both compete in the high quality, gourmet end of the instant coffee market, Robert Timms is clearly the highest quality product, and consumers must pay for this. What Nescaf is offering is a more affordable alternative.ConclusionThe instant coffee market in Australia is subject to the demographic, economic, political, cultural, natural and technological forces of the wider macroenvironment that it operates within. Each of these forces has the potential to change the marketing environment, and create opportunities and pose threats to the market and those who operate within it. What companies must do is monitor these environments to adapt its marketing mix accordingly.In the Australian instant coffee market, different companies have quite different marketing mixes, as can be seen when comparing Nescaf and Robert Timms. These differences do not mean that one is more effective than the other, but rather they reflect the different marketing strategies adopted by each company to capture the market segments they feel the company can best serve.

A Major Problem In Palm Oil Mill Effluent Engineering Essay

A Major Problem In palm inunct Mill Effluent Engineering experimentIn Malaysia, for example, 9.9 moveion tons of solids wastes consisting of empty fruit bunch , fibre and fruit shell and approximately 20 million tons of palm fossil fossil vegetable anoint mill effluent (POME) be gene sayd every year. In response to this, t hither(predicate) has been increasing efforts to manage the wastes generated from mills. A major problem in Palm Oil Mill Effluent is their Biological atomic number 8 Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand ( come up) characteristic in final discharge (waste piss). BOD is a chemical substance procedure for determining how fast biological organisms use up oxygen ( finished degradation of organic material) in a body of pissing. COD is to determine the nub of organic pollutants found in uprise water. The purpose of this study was to minimize the BOD and COD level in waste water finenessment sic using the Sequencing Batch reactor Process (SBR) syste m. The capability of treatment efficiency was proven during the system is widely used in other industry.As Malaysia forges forwardhand with its plan to become a fully developed nation, palm oil mills imparting have to adapt to various tonic challenges, including more strict environmental regulation, labor pifflingage and competition from other lower cost palm oil producing countries. Basically milling engine room has not changed in toll of developing a new sustainable and economics process to extract more oil and kernel. This may sound odd with so m any new mills built and best time to incorporate new technology being to start on a green field.Anyway new technology has developed with concentrated on weaken mechanical handing, higher throughput, and more durable and reliable equipment with longer intervals between failure and renewal.The extraction of palm oil and kernel from the palm fruit is a commonly known in palm oil process. But this extraction process also produces a chocolate-brown effluent which can devastate any aquatic life if dumped directly into our river. It is estimated that for every tone of palm oil produced, 2.5 tons of wastewater is generated. Thus, with Malaysias palm oil production is standing close to 8 million tons per annum , the amount of palm oil mill effluent ( POME ) generated would be equivalent to that of sewerage discharged by a population of 22 million peoplePalm oil mill effluents are high volume lucid wastes which are non toxic but have an unpleasant odor. They are highly polluting. The Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD COD)of this effluent is very high and goes for the Total Nitrogen, ammonium hydroxide Nitrogen and Oil Grease. The effluent also acidic. The nature of raw effluent, it is hot, has a bad aroma and brown in color. An effluent with its quality and sum of money were to be discharged into river, all aquatic life will perish.At present there are many manners to treat this raw effluent. The or so common method of treatment being employed is the biological treatment. This method of treatment is by using a combine effect of the aerobic, anaerobiotic and facultative ponds where at the hold back of the case-hardened effluent is dumped into a river.Alternatives treatment methods have propped up in the recent past. In this case, proposed a method which involved Sequencing Batch reactor ( SBR ) engineering with aerated oxygen enriched air. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a batch process for treating wastewater. This process is capable to minimized BOD and COD in a reactor.2.0 writings REVIEW2.1 Typical period ChartsTypical Palm Oil Mill Schematic Flow DiagramAs the palm oil industry grows rapidly, the enactment of palm oil mills also increases significantly especially in Malaysia. Therefore, one of the major problems arises from this industry is the large amount of wastes generated during the processes. for the most part, operation of the palm oil mill generates many by-product and liquid waste which may pose a significant impact on the environment if they are not dealt with congruously. The most common method is biological effluent treatment system (ponds).2.2 Effluent Treatment PlantThe function of the biological effluent treatment plant is to treat the mill liquid waste to levels within the prescribed limits set by the Department of Environment (D.O.E).The method of biological treatment in the mill is the anaerobic process. This process comprises three stagesThe anaerobic digestion in the acidification phaseThe anaerobic digestion in the methanogenic phaseThe inactive facultative stage of aerobic digestion.The complete anaerobic digestion or bio-degradation of the mill effluent is a complex operation as this process requires the acid forming organisms to grow in harmony with the methanogenic formers. Any imbalance of activities of these two organisms would at sea the digestion process.The acid producing bacterium and their associate d enzymes degrade most typeface of organic material into fatty acids. The methanogenic bacteria convert the soluble products of the acid produces into methane and carbon dioxide.The acidification stage is controlled to put up the growth of the acid formers. While in the second stage i.e. the methanogenic phase, the environment is optimum to form the methane formers. The biological effluent treatment plant in the mill comprises of the followingDe-oiling storeful2 Acidification ponds1 primary anaerobic pond2 anaerobic maturation ponds2 facultative pondsDe- sludging facilitiesDe-oiling tank/ gunk reactSludge waste from this mill is pumped into the tank.The purpose of this tank is to trap remnants of free oil and permit solids to calm down out. Solids settled here should be take away on a regular basis in order that working levels be reserveed. Regular checks should be make and any trace of oil here must be postulated.Acidification pondsThere are 2 ponds and these are operate d in parallel. The acidification stage is a very rapid process converting the organic components of the waste water into volatile fatty acids (vfa) and depresses the pH of the system. However recycling of the anaerobic liquor is done here for buffering i.e.Obtaining the desirable pH levelCooling to obtain the craved temperatureSeeding i.e. introducing active organisms populationThe above is practiced at this stage to prepare the feed before entering into the anaerobic ponds.Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) here in individually pond is 2 daysTemperature 35c 45cPH 4.0 to 5.5Vfa 5000 mg/lPrimary anaerobicIn this stage the strictly anaerobic bacteria called methanogen converts the volatile acids to methane, CO2 and other trace gases. Destruction efficiencies are high here wherein from a high B.O.D. of 24,000mg/l B.O.D. levels of the supernatant at the pond outlet are reduced to 300mg/l.Temperature at Anaerobic 2 outlet is approx. 30-35c with a pH in the neighborhood of 5.5 to 6.5. Vfa=1 000 to 2000 mg/l. Alkalinity = 1500 to 2000 mg/l.Anaerobic Maturation PondThis is a final step of the methanogenic anaerobic stage where further reduction of BOD is made possible. BOD at this stage is down to about 200mg/l . Temperature at the outlet end is 20 to 30c with a pH in the region of 7.0. Vfa is approximately 700mg/l and alkalinity above 1500mg/l.Facultative PondsThe use of anaerobic digestion alone would not be sufficient to meet the standards stipulated by DOE thusly further treatment of effluent is necessary in the facultative. These facultative ponds are for quiescent aerobic respiration of the aerobically interact waste water. These 3 ponds are in series and in these ponds sufficient oxygenation to the waste water is introduced. The effluents after sedimentation in these ponds are allowed to discharge into the water course, with BOD levels below 110 ppm as compulsory by the Dept. of Environment.Temperature at the outlet of the Facultative is 25 to 30c with a pH of 7 .0 9.0. Vfa less than 100. Alkalinity in the region of 1000mg/l.De-sludging of the pondsThe ponding system is operated at low rate with organic loading ranging from 0.2 to 0.35 kg BOD/cu.m/day. Because of the size and configuration of the ponds mixing is hardly adequate. Also the rising biogas will bring along with them fine suspend solids and therefore it is common to find islands of solids floating in the anaerobic pond. This often guides in dead spots which will lead to short circuiting in the ponds. Undoubtedly it is very labor intensive to maintain the ponds in satis calculatey condition at all times. It is also imperative to ensure that as little oil as possible be allowed into the ponds as the oil will agglomerate with the rising solids brought up by the biogas and from a scum which is punishing to remove.Due to the inadequate mixing by biogas, solids build up at the canful of the ponds, especially the anaerobic ones. Excessive solids built up at the bottom of the ponds w ill reduce the effective design capacity and consequently shorten the hydraulic computer storage time. This will adversely affect the treatment efficiency of the system.In view of the above regular desludging of the ponds is a must. A de-sludging pond is made available for this purpose. Solids from the ponds are pumped using submersible pumps into this desludging pond and water liquid re wheel aroundd while solids are left to dry out and subsequently removed.2.3 Operation proceduresSludge pits / Fluming tankSupervisors / operators are to visually check the pit on a regular basis throughout processing and ensure that a trace of oil is recovered soonest possible.Also when spendthrift trace of oil is sighted, agile measures must be taken to trace and arrest the source of this excessive oil loss.Schedule cleaning of the dung pit and tanks must be instituted to remove solids / sands and any debris on a scheduled basis.Pumps in this area must be checked to be in good run condition. A ny faults or malfunction noticed must be reported for immediate repair.Buffering PondsEnsure that recycling of anaerobic liquor is carried out as per instruction. unsay any solids scum / oil traces on a daily basis.Ensure free flow into and out of the ponds.Anaerobic pondsMonitor visually ponds bacteria for any signs of fouling.Solids removal should be carried on a regular basis.Ensure stirrer / mixers are operated as per instructions.Ensure that in flow and outlet discharge is proper and feed to downstream ponds is regulated as involve.Facultative pondsRegulate final discharge as necessary.Ensure solids recycling where necessary.Desludging pondsEnsure that pumping of solids into the pond is monitored.Ensure that excessive liquid is recycled to the anaerobic ponds.3.0 METHODOLOGY3.2 Sequencing Batch reactor (SBR) TechnologySequencing Batch contradictor (SBR) is an activated sludge biological treatment process. The process uses natural bacteria and when the bacteria are aerated, t hey grow and multiply using the organics or pollution as food. This purifies the wastewater before it is discharged to the environment.The process is managed in a suffice and draw, or batch fashion. This process allows for exceptional flexibility and controls which results in a highly tough effluent that will not harm the environment when it is discharged. Generally the SBR process can be conveniently described in five distinct stepsStep 1 Fill/ReactThe treatment Reactor contains bacteria or biomass that processes the wastewater. The cycle starts with the Reactor at least half full of activated sludge. When the wastewater enters the Reactor, air is intermittently supplied by a blower, to maintain an aerobic (air enriched) environment. The pollution in the wastewater is consumed by the biomass as food. The biomass grows and multiplies during this treatment process assuring the system is sustained for further treatment. This cycle of filling and intermittent aeration continues until the Reactor has filled.Step 2 React onlyDuring this step incoming wastewater is diverted to a second Reactor or is stored. The full Reactor is aerated or mixed continuously during this step. The React only step provides time for additional treatment or graduateing of the wastewater to meet require discharged consents. The duration of the react only step is easily adjusted at the computerized control panel.Step 3 SettleThe biomass in the Reactor must be separated from the treated liquid or supernatant, so there will be sufficient biomass remaining for treatment of the next batch of wastewater. In the SBR system the Reactor becomes the settling device or clarifier when all the pumps and blowers are turned off. This creates quiescent settling conditions to allow the biomass and the treated liquid to separate. After settling, the treated clarified liquid is discharged or decanted from the Reactor.Step 4 DecantThe treated clarified liquid is discharged or decanted using pumps which ha ve their recess located at the midpoint of the Reactor depth. This assures that any floating debris or settled biomass is not discharged from the Reactor. A non-return valve on the pump breathing in prevents the entry of solids into the Decant pump and piping during the aerated treatment steps.Step 5 IdleWhen the Reactor has decanted, and there is no wastewater waiting to be pumped to the Reactor enters an idle or waiting phase. In idle, with no wastewater load, it is not necessary to run the blowers at the same rate as during the filling stage. The blowers automatically reduce the volume of air at idle, saving energy. When the Reactor receives more wastewater, it automatically switches back to the Fill/React step, and the entire cycle repeats.Sludge wasteSince the biomass continues to grow or increase in volume during each treatment cycle it is necessary to remove excess biomass from the Reactor on a regular basis. The biomass volume is always maintained below the pump intake and at the proper level by means of automatic sludge waste pumps. The excess biomass is pumped to the Trash Tank at the end head end of the plant where it is anaerobically (without air) decomposed. Regular sludge wasting ensures that fair to middling biomass stiff in the Reactor to treat the next batch of wastewater, but does not increase to the point where it would be pumped out of the reactor during the Decant cycle.3.3 FLOCCULATION intercessionRaw effluent from facultative pond (last pond) is pump into vertical steel clarifier. Flocculation agent and pH correction agent is dose into the pipe line before entering clarifier to ease coagulation process.PRE AERATIONThe clarified raw effluent will over flow into the 1st holding tank. Filling is estimated for 3 hours.While in the holding tank, the raw effluent is subjected to pre aeration for 2 hours before transfer to the reactor tank.Pre-aeration is done through fine air bubbles passes through an array of disc type diffuse at tank base.SBR PROCESSThe pre-aeration effluent from holding tank is transferred into the reactor tank via transfer pump.The SBR process inside the reactor tank will be control through a present time for 24 hours operation based on the following activityFilling 3 hours soft aeration 4 hoursFast aeration 10 hoursSettling 2 hoursDischarge 2 hoursFillingPre-aerated anaerobic liquid is pump from holding tank. During start up, seeding of bacteria is carried out. The quantity from of seeding is depending on the MLSS concentration in the reactor.Slow aerationWhile filling up of the pre-aerated anaerobic liquid half of the diffuser inside the reactor tank will activate, via control valve install at the distribution header.Fast aerationFilling completed and full aeration processes activate.SettlingTo allow solids and liquids are separated under true quiescent conditions.DischargeThe treated or clarified supernatant is pump into a final treated effluent tank for storage. The excess sludge wil l settle and remain in the reactor tank. Desludging will depend on the MLSS concentration, not to exceed 20-30 % by ratio of the pre-aerated anaerobic liquid. This can be done by taking sample and allow to settle naturally.StandbyThe reactor tank is ready for the next batch.The treated water will overflow through a constant level flexible outlet into a transfer (clarified) water tank. The clarified water enters an activated carbon leach via booster pump, which act to polish the water before discharge out to river. At this stage the BOD level should be 20 ppm. A reject line is installed to return treated effluent into anaerobic pond if the BOD level exceeds 20 ppm.3.4 NOPOL- diffuserThe NOPOL system has a suitable diffuser for any wastewater application.Reliable kinkThe main component of the system is the NOPOL dual layer polyethylene disc. This has a thin fine top for maximum oxygen transfer efficiency. All deposits are easily removed by the formic acid.The NOPOL disc aeration sy stem is ideal for all biological processes. An aeration system covering the entire bottom of the basin gives the want oxygen content throughout. Mixing energy is evenly distributed throughout the basin. Uniform mixing prevents any sludge sedimentation. Adjustment range-volume of air per diffuser is wide enough for any load variation. The disc aeration system does not cool down the activated sludge or produce any harmful aerosols.3.5 SBR system tank and pipe layout4.0 ANALYSIS4.1 A BASIC DESIGN OF SBR SYSTEM energy 1080 m / dayInfluent BOD 200 ppmDischarge BOD 20 ppmBasic design dataActual waste water quantity discharged from plant 1080 m / day ( max )Design waste water quantity 1080 m / day or 45 m / hourBOD 200 mg / lCOD (assume) 300 mg / lPH 7.2Temperature 26 cSuspended solids (assume) 300 mg / lOil grease (assume) 20 mg / lSequence of operation of SBR reactor tank No.1 or 2Filling and slow aeration time 8 hoursFast aeration time 12 hoursSettling time 2 hoursDischarg e of treated effluent 2 hoursSizing of tanksBased on the above operation sequence and the two trains of SBR tank operating alternatively, the sizes of the holding tank and reactor tanks are as followsHolding tankTank required 1 building blockWaste water flow rate 45 m / hourThe retention time for the holding tank 6 hoursVolume of tank required 270 mSelected holding tank size is 8700 m - 7.62 m heightCapacity 400 mReactor tanksWastewater flow rate 45 m / hourNo of tanks required 2 unitsRetention required for reactor vessel 12 hourVolume of waste water in each reactor tank 540 mVolume of activated sludge to be retained in reactor tank 20 % of the waste waterTherefore required volume of reactor tank 648 mSelected reactor tank size is 11650 mm - 7.62 m heightCapacity 800 mCalculation of air required for aeration at reactor tankProcess utilized Palm Oil Mill EffluentType of waste IndustrialDesign flow 1080 m / dayBOD5 design 200 mg / l = 216 kg / dayTemperature of wa ste 26 cDissolved oxygen to be maintained in waste water ( C ) 2.0 mg / lOxygen to BOD5 ratio 1.5 (assume)Oxygen required per hour (216 - 1.5) / 12 = 27 kg / hourOxygenation capacity required per hour = 02 required per hour / correction factorCorrection factor = () (C) C 1.024 (-20)/ CH20C H20 oxygen solubility factor = 0.9 = 0.95C at 26c at 200 ft elevation = 8.11.024 (-20) at 26c = 1.153C = 2 ppmTherefore, oxygenation capacity required per hour = 27 / 0.7289= 37.04 kg / hourDensity of air at 26c = 1.18 kg / m Volume of air required taking oxygen content in air is 20% by unit weight = (37.04-5m/hr)/1.18= 157 m / hourEfficiency of aeration by using Nopol diffuser at 4m water dept = 18 % at 4m / hr per unitFlow rate of air blower required = 157 m / hr / 18 % = 872 m / hrUse air blower = 900 m / hrNo. of diffuser required = 900 / 4 = 225 pcsTherefore,No. of diffuser installed per reactor = 225 (for 1080 m/day) operating at 12 hoursDetermination of number of diffusers per tank fo r holding tankThe required aeration for waste water in holding tank is to ensure fecundation concentration of oxygen dissolved in water.Based on temperature of 26c, the saturation concentration of oxygen in water is = 8.11 mg/lWith influent flow rate = 45 m / hourTotal oxygen required = 364.9 g / hourAllow 20% extra air to ensure saturation, the actual aeration rate = 438 g / hourNo. of diffusers at 1 m / hour per unit at 18 % = 11 nos.No. of diffusers installed at holding tank for primary aeration and mixingto saturation point = 30 nos. (At 0.4 pc/m distribution density)Total diffuser used for 2 trains system = 510 nos.Selection of two ( 2 ) units of surface aeratorModel = EEE FA- 1010Specifications are enclosed.The application of these surface aerations installed at facultative pond is forProper mixing of the effluent before pumping to the effluent treatment plantTo supply some aeration to the facultative pond so as to minimize the inlet BOD to the effluent plant and at the same time to improve the bacteria activity.Selection of one ( 1 ) unit activated carbon filter at treated effluent discharge pointDimension = 2420 mm - 1828 mm SLSurface area = 4.59 mFlow rate = 60 m / hourFlow velocity = 13.0 m / hourVolume of activated carbon = 4.1 mThe activated carbon filter acts as a polishing filter for the final treated effluent.5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONA more responsible biological treatment process through a proven automated operation program responding on time every situation and alarm in a reactive way so that the plant performance can be maintained regardless of the operator attendance and equipment failure.Lower investment and recurrent cost, as secondary settling tanks and sludge return systems are not required.Lower space requirements.Better settling, as settling conditions in an SBR areIdeal while the sludge population changes towardsbetter settle able micro-organisms.Improved effluent quality.Improved operational reliability.Hardly any or no smell p roblems.Better temperature control.Lower effluent COD and BOD. The batch nature process and high organic concentrations (feast)during Fill encourages the growth of organisms with high organic uptake rates. The famine period at the end of React encourages the utilization of recalcitrant organics. The combined effect of the feast and famine periods is the optimal removal of BOD and COD.Better settling sludge. The feast-famine conditions that naturally occur in each cycle promote the growth of floc-forming organisms and disfavor filamentous organisms, thereby eliminating the use up for polymers.In a number of situations the application of an SBR system will thus result in lower investment as well as operational costs. Critical in this respect are the load and concentration of the wastewater, the design and the local anesthetic situation.6.0 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER WORKAt this study, Sequencing Batch Reactor process, raw effluent from facultative pond (last pond) is pump into clarifier in system. Thereby, the pond still need for this system due to oil recovery in first 2 ponds. In future study, the pond system which consumed a large area need to remove. The wastewater from the mills, directly pump to SBR system tanks for further treatment. The new method for oil recovery in SBR system will be taken in action. The discharge water which in brownish color need to be analyze due to remove the color.

The Tulsa Race Riots Of 1921 History Essay

The Tulsa Race Riots Of 1921 History EssayThe Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 was superstar of the to the gameyest degree traumatic race riots in the history of the United States. Evaluating the plaints in retrospect, its hard to explain how such an ordeal, starting with just a simple pass in an elevator, could have escalated into mavin of the deadliest extra-military deviations ever to take place on American soil. How was it that a beef perceive by virtually no unrivalled was able to directly trigger the amassing of thousands in an angry mob? And how did that unruly mob thence bring in assistance from the very authorities that were sent to hurl it d make? I propose that this was all possible because of an element of racism known as example realism which was facilitated by personal biases and sen sit downionalist media accounts.The phenomenon of illustration realism occurs when a subconscious set of mental filters developed from our beliefs and experiences weighs heavy in ou r interpretation of reality. In this particular instance, the filters were composed of racist ideas, causing accepted truths to be warped by the biases of the observer. In this case, two truths were malformed, first, that concerning the events that sparked the riot, and, second, that concerning what was taking place during the riot itself.To understand all of this, we must first have a exhaustive knowledge of the events. This begins not with the firing of the first scissures or even with the string of seemingly insignificant events that led to the first signs of difficulty. Rather, one must begin with the zeitgeist, and interpret the world as Tulsans did in may of 1921. We need not only understand how this tragedy could happen, exclusively why, in the end, it did.Of all the qualities that impressed visitors to the city of Tulsa in the days before the race riots, one of them was just how modern it was. Recently constructed office buildings stood downtown, motorized vehicles rumbled back and forth along Main Street, and rows of freshly assorted houses stood in re lieuntial realms. Compared to other cities in the region, Tulsa was nothing less(prenominal) than a sensation. In fact, Tulsa has grown so much and so quickly that local anesthetic tourism promoters called it the Magic City.However, the Chamber of Commerce brochures and postcards did not reveal everything. Tulsa was in whatsoever way, not one still two cities. In the shadow of the thriving center, thither was a second community all unto itself. Some disparagingly called it Little Africa though in by and by years it became known simply as Greenwood. In primeval 1921, it was the home of almost ten thousand African-American men, women and children. 5, 6Most residents of Tulsas primarily African American suburb came to okey, like their white neighbors during the broad boom just before and afterward Oklahoma achieved statehood. Some came from Mississippi, several(prenominal) from Missouri, and others all the way from Georgia. For many, Oklahoma represented not only a guess to escape the harsh realities of race in their former Old S tabuh states, but literally a land of hope, a place to start everyplace.The gritstone of the community was Greenwood passageway. Running for over a mile, the street had a certain symbolic meaning. Unlike Tulsas other streets, which crossed into both blackened and white neighborhoods, Greenwood Avenue was present only in the African American community.9For a community of its size, the business district of Greenwood offered an impressive range of commercial structures. John and Loula Williams, who had a deuce-ace story building on the unitingwest corner of Greenwood Avenue and Archer Street, also operated the Dreamland Theater, a 150 seat venue that offered live harmony and theatrical revues as well as silent films accompanied by pianist. Nearby where the buildings that housed nearly all of Tulsas black professional offices. There we re no less than ten of each in all the major occupations and the greatest tally was fifteen the number of African American physicians in Tulsa at the time of the riots.11The mental culture on Greenwood was also surprising, at least by standards within the region. There were not one but two black word of honorpapers the Tulsa Star and the Oklahoma Sun. Afro-Americans were barred from using the new Carnegie library in the citys center, so a smaller black library branch was constructed, and came to be replete with its own erratic offerings. topicly recognized African American leaders like WEB Dubois had even taught in Tulsa before the riot. In addition, Greenwood was also home to a local league of businesses, several fraternal orders, a branch of the YMCA, and several womens clubs. The last of these was populated by the communitys secondary school teachers, the number of whom in employ was never less than thirty.Political issues of the day also attracted considerable interest. Th e Tulsa Star, in particular, provided not only comprehensive coverage of national, state and local political campaigns and election results, but also devoted considerable space to record activities in local clubs of black Democrats and Republicans. In addition, the Star also covered some quasi-political movements, including Marcus Garveys Universal total darkness Improvement Association, various back-to-Africa movements, and some nationalist organizations. virtuoso such group, the African Blood Brotherhood, later claimed to have had a chapter on Greenwood before the riot.12Around the neighborhood were many small descents, barbers, and two family-owned grocery markets. Prior to the riot, these businesses made Greenwood, on a per capita basis, one of the most financially successful African American communities in the country. Grit, hard work and determination were the main reasons for this success. Entrepreneurial spirit had been imported to Tulsa from small communities in the outly ing rural neighborhoods.There were also other reasons. Tulsa golden economy was an important factor, as was the fact that, in general, Greenwood was basically the only the place where black Tulsans could chose to shop. Due to the citys mandate of residential segregation, blacks were generally barred from patronise downtown shops owned by whites, or at least risk insult if they tried. While many black Tulsans made a conscious end to sponsor the African American merchants, the fact of the matter is that that most had few other options.15Despite the fact that this separation seemed to be becoming more intrench during the months that preceded the riots, more than a few white Tulsans fore ideaed, usually due to sensationalist tidings reports, that the opposite was true. It was primarily the Tulsa Tribune that asserted that black Tulsa was on the rise toward pertain status with white Tulsa. It was this idea of black Tulsas rising up both in an economic and combative sense that wa s created by the Tribune and some other, smaller news outlets.The Tribunes deliberately sensational articles would be the primary ideas or filters that later led to instances of representational realism. Anecdotal reports were issued roughly blacks Tulsans ignoring or challenging Jim Crow practices. Whites were angry at and jealous of the material success of Greenwoods elite a feeling that thither was no doubt enhanced by equally sensational reports on the piercing fall in crude oil prices and the subsequent layoffs in the oil industry immediately prior to the riots. In the first weeks and months of 1921, white Tulsans were made to fear that the Color Line was not only in danger of being slowly erased, but felt that its erasure was already happening.42Adding to this fear was the fact that, at the time, the vast majority of white Tulsans had almost no direct knowledge of the African American community. A handful of white-owned businesses existed on Greenwood and some whites occasi onally visited the area for one reason or another, but most white Tulsans had never set foot in the African American neighborhood and had no swear to do so in the future. Most whites lived in all white neighborhoods, attended all white schools and churches, and worked mainly in all white environments. For most of Tulsas white population, the little they knew or thought they knew about the African-American community was based upon racial stereotypes, deeply rooted prejudices, and, most importantly, media-driven rumor and innuendo.Though heavily exaggerated and sometimes completely fabricated, newspaper accounts were not altogether unfounded. In the spring of 1921, serious racial troubles had been brewing not just in Tulsa but across America for some time. Few periods were as turbulent as the years surrounding field War I. In 1919, more than two twelve different race riots erupted in cities and towns across the country. Its important to note, however, these riots were not like thos e of the 1960s and 1990s, and were primarily characterized by white mobs invading African American neighborhoods, contend African-American men and women, and burning down houses and businesses. There wasnt one single record of the inverse having occurred, a fact that Tulsas news outlets deliberately omitted. 19 tear down prior to the riot, violence against black Oklahomans was part of the national unrest. Largely because of the conditions of frontier lawlessness, Oklahoma had long been plagued by lynchings. From 1911-1921, 23 such instances were reported in Oklahoma. all(a) were vigilante actions and all 23 of the victims, save for one, were African Americans.30Tulsa in particular had become a bustling center of Klan activity. Though there are no truly reliable records of membership, its estimated that there were 3200 Klansmen in Tulsa at the time of the riot. Other reports put the figure at as high as 6000. To give one a perspective on the pervasive nature of the Klan, an initiati on ceremony was held south of the city during the summer that followed the riot. Over a thousand news members were brought in during that one evening. There were so many in attendance that a large traffic jam resulted on the road to the suburb of Broken Arrow, which sat along the route.It was within this cultural context that on May 30th, 1921, rotating shaft Rowland, a black man, and Sarah scalawag, a white woman, had a short and initially insignificant encounter on an elevator. The scope of the event would be rapidly magnified as the story was repeatedly re-interpreted, each time filtering through the idea hyaloplasm of individuals with racial prejudice.Rowland was a black man of approximately 19 at the time that the riots took place, though the actual date of his birth has been a subject of some debate. He and his two sisters had been orphans and apparently lived on the streets of Vinita, where they slept and begged for food. When he was approximately six, Rowland was interpre ted in by an African-American woman named Damien Ford, the proprietor of a small, Tulsa grocery cut in. son of a bitch Rowland would grow up in Tulsa and eventually drop out of school to take a job shining shoes in a white-owned salon located downtown on Main Street. Shoe shines normally cost about a penny in those days, but the worker was usually leaning at least nickel for every shine and sometimes made much more. During a workday, a shoe shiner could pocket a potentiometer of money. This was seen as an especially good prospect for a young African-American for whom there would be few other employment opportunities.There were no toilets at the salon where Dick Rowland worked. The owner had arranged it so that African-American employees could use the colored bathrooms, in the Drexel building across the street at 319 S. Main Street. To gain access to the toilet, which was located upstairs, Rowland and the other shoe shiners had to ride the buildings elevator. The leaven was not automatic, and required an operator to be present at all times. This work was usually reserved for women.79At the end of May 1921, the Drexel building elevator operator was a white woman of seventeen named Sarah Page. She had come to Tulsa from Missouri, and its assumed she lived in a rented room nearby on North Boston Avenue. In addition, it was reported that Page had enrolled herself in a local business school, a move that was almost necessary in order for her to stay competitive. While Tulsa was still riding its construction boom, some building owners had begun to recruit African-American women to perform as lift operators at a lower salary than their white counterparts.80Dick Rowland and Sarah Page were both downtown on Monday, May 30th, 1921. At approximately 3pm Dick Rowland walked into Sarah Pages elevator. reciprocal ohms later, Page was heard screaming, and Rowland was seen exiting the building at a quickened pace. 82There is a great deal of speculation and discussion conc erning what actually took place within the limit of the elevator. Subsequent to the riot, the most common explanation was that Rowland had somehow tripped as he entered the elevator and, attempting to catch his fall, had grabbed Pages arm causing her to scream. Rowland then fled, naturally startled by her reaction. A separate theory asserts that the two were romantically involved and that Pages scream was the result of a lovers quarrel. Regardless, all who knew Rowland, black and white, proclaimed that he was completely unequal to(p) of the rape he would be accused of.83The first to respond to Pages cry was an employee of Renbergs clothing store, an outlet on the Drexel buildings first floor. He heard Page scream and saw Rowland exit the building right after. He then hurried to the lift where he discovered the disheveled Page and then called the guard. The police arrived, took reports from the employee and Page, and then began a low-key investigation. The next sunrise they arres ted Rowland at home, and carted him off to the downtown jail for processing.Meanwhile, Richard Lloyd Jones, editor of the Tulsa Tribune, made contact both with the police and the Renbergs employee. It just so happened that the Tribune also had offices in the Drexel building and thus he found about the event shortly after it had occurred. When the newspaper contacted the police for comment, they were naturally tightlipped about an ongoing investigation, and thus Jones primary source was the Renbergs employee. That afternoon, he released the pursuance articleNab inkiness for Attacking Girl in ElevatorA Negro delivery boy who gave his name to the public as Diamond Dick but who has been identified as Dick Rowland, was arrested on South Greenwood Avenue this morning by Officers Carmichael and Pack, charged with attempting to shock the 17-year-old white elevator girl in the Drexel Building early yesterday.He volition be tried in municipal court this afternoon on a state charge.The girl said she noticed the Negro a few minutes before the attempted assault looking up and down the hallway on the third floor of the Drexel Building as if to see if there was anyone in sight but thought nothing of it at the time.A few minutes later he entered the elevator she claimed, and attacked her, scratching her hands and face and tearing her clothes. Her screams brought a clerk from Renbergs store to her assistance and the Negro fled. He was captured and identified this morning both by the girl and the clerk, police say.Tenants of the Drexel Building said the girl is an orphan who works as an elevator operator to pay her way through business college.89Immediately subsequent to this publication, talk of lynching began. Ross T. Warner, the manager of the downtown offices of the Tulsa Machine and Tool federation, wrote that after the Tribune came out that afternoon, the talk of lynching spread like a prairie fire.94Talk soon turned into action. As word of the alleged sexual assault in the Drexel Building spread, a crowd of whites began to gather on the street outside of the Tulsa County Courthouse, in whose jail Dick Rowland was being held. As people got off of work, and the news of the alleged attack reported in the Tribune became more widely dispersed across town, more and more white Tulsans, infuriated by what had supposedly interpreted place in the Drexel Building, began to gather outside the courthouse at Sixth and Boulder. By sunset which came at 734 p.m. that evening observers estimated that the crowd had grown into the hundreds. not long afterwards, cries of Let us have the nigger could be heard. 95By 930 p.m., the white mob outside the courthouse had swollen to nearly two- thousand persons. They obstructed the sidewalks as well as the streets, and had spilled over onto the front lawns of nearby homes. In the citys African American neighborhoods, meanwhile, tension continued to mount over the increasingly ugly situation down at the courthouse. Some of the men, however, decided that they could wait no longer. Hopping into cars, small groups of armed African American men began to marque brief forays into downtown, their guns visible to passersby.As the black men were leaving the courthouse for the second time, a white man approached a tall African American World War I veteran who was carrying an army-issue revolver. Nigger, the white man said, What are you doing with that pistol? Im going to use it if I need to, replied the black veteran. No, you give it to me. Like loony bin I will. The white man tried to take the gun away from the veteran, and a shot rang out. Americas worst race riot had begun. 106While the first shot fired at the courthouse may have been unintentional, those that followed were not. Almost immediately, members of the white mob and possibly some law enforcement officers opened fire on the African American men, who returned volleys of their own. The initial gunplay lasted only a few seconds, but when it was over, an unknown number of people perhaps as many as a dozen both black and white, lay dead or wounded.107Outnumbered more than twenty-to-one, the black men began a retreating fight toward the African American district. With armed whites in unaired pursuit, heavy gunfire erupted again along Fourth Street, two blocks north of the courthouse.108A short while later, a second , deadlier, skirmish broke out at Second and Cincinnati. No longer directly involved with the fate of Dick Rowland, the beleaguered second contingent of African American men were now struggle for their own lives. Heavily outnumbered by the whites, and suffering some casualties along the way, most were apparently able, however, to make it safely across the Frisco railroad tracks, and into the more familiar environs of the African American community.110Shortly thereafter, whites began breaking into downtown sporting goods stores, pawnshops, and hardware stores, stealing or borrowing as some would later claim guns and ammunition. Dick Bardons store on First Street was particularly hard hit as well as the J.W. MeGee Sporting Goods shop at 22 W. Second Street, even though it was located literally across the street from police headquarters. The owner later testified that a Tulsa police officer helped to dole out the guns that were taken from his store.113It appears that the first fires set by whites in black neighborhoods began at about 100 a.m. African American homes and businesses along Archer were the earliest targets, and when an engine conspiracy from the Tulsa Fire Department arrived and prepared to douse the flames, white rioters forced the firemen away at gunpoint. By 400 a.m., more than two-dozen black-owned businesses, including the Midway Hotel, had been torched.121On the evening of May 31st, the National champion was deployed to diffuse the escalating conflict.At approximately 1100 p.m., perhaps as many as fifty local National arrestsmen nearly all of whom had been contacted at their homes had gathered at the armory on Sixth Street. The Tulsa units of the National Guard were exclusively white.Once armed, guardsmen began to lead groups of armed whites on patrols of downtown streets. This activity was later taken over by members of the also all-white American Legion. Tulsa police officials also assisted the guard, presented the guardsmen with a machine gun mounted on the back of a truck.Taking the machine gun with them, about thirty guardsmen headed north, and positioned themselves along Detroit Avenue between Brady Street and Standpipe Hill, along one of the borders separating the citys white and black neighborhoods. The skirmish barrier that the National Guard officers established was set-up facing the African American district. Moreover, the guardsmen also began rounding up black Tulsans, whom they handed over as prisoners to the police.While some black Tulsans chose to stay and fight, most realized the futility of doing so and tried get themselve s and their families to safety. They had been outmanned and outgunned when facing the white civilians alone. Now the opposition was assisted by the police and National Guardsmen. In the early hours of June 1, a steady stream of black Tulsans began to leave the city, hoping to find safety in the surrounding countryside. Early in the evening when there was first talk of trouble, Irene Scofield later told the Black Dispatch, I and about forty others started out of the town and walked to a little town about fifteen miles away. Others connective the exodus, however, were not as fortunate. Billy Hudson, an African American laborer who lived on Archer, hitched up his wagon as conditions grew worse, and set out with his grandchildren by his side for Nowata. He was killed by whites along the way.130In the pre-dawn hours of June l, thousands of armed whites, led by National Guardsmen, had gathered in three main clusters along the northern fringes of downtown, opposite Greenwood. One group had assembled behind the Frisco freight depot, while another waited nearby at the Frisco and Santa Fe passenger station. Four blocks to the north, a third crowd was clustered at the Katy passenger depot. While it is unclear how many people were in each group, some contemporary observers estimated the total number of armed whites who had gathered as high as five or ten thousand.141Several eyewitnesses later recalled that when dawn came at 508 a.m. that morning, an unusual whistle or siren sounded, perhaps as a signal for the mass assault on Greenwood to begin. Although the source of this whistle or siren is still unknown, moments later, the white mobs made their move. Crowds of armed whites poured across the Frisco tracks, headed square(p) for the African American commercial district.146Numerous other eyewitnesses both black and white confirm the presence of an unknown number of airplanes flying over Greenwood during the early daylight hours of June 1. There is little doubt but tha t some of the occupants of the airplanes fired upon black Tulsans with pistols and rifles. Moreover, there is evidence, to suggest that men in at least one airplane dropped some form of explosives, probably sticks of dynamite, upon a group of African American refugees as they were fleeing the city.153As the waves of white rioters descended upon the African American district, a bitter pattern soon emerged. First, the armed whites broke into the black homes and businesses, forcing the occupants out into the street, where the police and National Guard led them away at gunpoint to one of a growing number of internment centers. Anyone who resisted was shot. Moreover, African American men in homes where firearms were discovered met the same fate. Next, the whites looted the homes and businesses, pocketing small items, and hauling away larger items each on foot or by car or truck. Finally, the white rioters then set the homes and other buildings on fire, using torches and oil-soaked rags . House by house, block by block, the wall of flame crept northward, engulfing the citys black neighborhoods.155Attempts by black Tulsans to defend their homes and property were undercut by the actions of both the Tulsa police and the local National Guard units, who, rather than focus on disarming or arresting the white rioters, took steps that led to the eventual imprisonment of practically all of the citys African American citizens. 162As the morning wore on, and the fighting moved northward across Greenwood, the guardsmen who were positioned along the crest of Sunset Hill started to actively join in the invasion of black Tulsa, with one detachment heading north, the other to the northeast. As later depict by Captain John W. McCuen in the after action report he submitted to the commander of Tulsas National Guard unitsWe advanced to the crest of Sunset Hill in skirmish line and then a little further north to the military crest of the hill where our men were ordered to lie down bec ause of the intense fire of the blacks who had formed a good skirmish line at the foot of the hill to the northeast among the out-buildings of the Negro settlement which stops at the foot of the hill. After about 20 minutes of fire at will at the armed groups of blacks the latter began falling back to the northeast, thus getting good cover among the frame buildings of the Negro settlement. Immediately we moved forward, B Company advancing directly north and the Service company in a north-easterly direction.173The guardsmen then came upon a group of African Americans barricaded inside a store, who were attempting to experience off a mob of armed white rioters. Rather than attempt to get the white invaders and the black defenders to disengage, the guardsmen joined in on the attack. Again, as described by Captain McCuenAt the northeast corner of the Negro settlement 10 or more Negroes barricaded themselves in a concrete store and dwelling and a stiff fight ensued between these Negroes on one side and guardsmen and civilians on the other. Several whites and blacks were wounded and killed at this point. 174At approximately 11am on June 1st, the governor intervened, calling for martial law. State Troops were dispatched and began to move into what little remained of Tulsas African American neighborhoods, disarming whites and sending them away from the district. This brought the rioting to an end. 197As antecedently stated , there were two truths distorted by representative realism. The first was that concerning the events that sparked the riot. It was a single cry by Sarah Page that set in intercommunicate the events that would ultimately leave half the city in devastation. This escalation occurred as the accounting of events proceeded along a chain of racially-biased informational relay. At each stage or data link in the chain, representational realism resulted in dissonance between what actually took place and what was perceived and recounted to the next link.Th e Renbergs employee served as this chains first link. It is known that the employee heard what he took as a scream of distress, saw Rowland exit the building post-haste, and hurried to the lift where he discovered a discombobulated Page. The subsequent police report notes nothing of any bruising or turn clothing and, more importantly, it does not note that Sarah Page claimed to have been raped. What it does note, however, is the fervent assertion by the Renbergs employee that a rape did happen, despite simultaneously admitting that he hadnt actually seen anything happen.The second link in the chain was Richard Lloyd Jones, editor of the Tulsa Tribune. When Jones received the information from the Renbergs employee, it passed through Jones own filters which, in addition to including racist inclinations, caused him to interpret the information in terms of its usefulness in selling newspapers. Thus, he deliberately sensationalized the information resulting in the following days incendia ry headline.The third and final link was the public who received the newspaper. Over the course of the weeks and months that proceeded, the Tribunes sensationalist stories had given them notion that a black ascension was imminent. When they later saw black Tulsans ride by the courthouse with their weapons on display, their analysis was filtered through this earlier notion, and led them to react as if an become was taking place, even though all evidence pointed to the contrary. Obviously a single carload of blacks had not intended to rise up against a thousand-strong mob of whites.This leads to the second, truth that was distorted by representative realism, which concerned what was actually taking place during the riot itself. It is apparent to any unbiased party that the black communitys position was defensive for the sequence of the conflict, and it was the white community that was engaged in an uprising. The National Guardsman, however, responded as if the opposite were true. T his is more serious than the similar behavior exhibited by white civilians, as the Guard was commissioned with the duty of restoring order. Moreover they were briefed in detail prior to being deployed. They were well aware that the riot began as an aggression toward the black community in response to an attempt by a small group of blacks to defend a prisoner from a lawless mob of whites.Nonetheless, arriving on the scene of the conflict already underway and seeing armed blacks take aim at opposing whites, its clear that the negro uprising idea filtered the guardsmens perception and resulted in an elevation down assessment of the circumstances. This was the notion they abided despite the fact that almost all conflicts took place in the black part of town and the fact that the black side was almost always outnumbered. The most startling evidence of the role of representative realism was seen after the event, when National Guard officers were debriefed. Despite now being in a non-host ile environment and being put on record, several guardsmen actually used the phrase negro uprising and used the term enemy in reference to the black population they were dispatched to protect.Given the facts of what took place, it seems almost impossible for anyone to have come to the conclusion that Sarah Page was raped or that a Negro uprising was taking place on the following day. However, with the space of just a few hours, both of these beliefs were almost ubiquitous amongst a community of thousands. This is the power of representative realism. Once the right preconceived notions have been impressed, it only takes a certain trigger, and anyone, regardless of duty or morality, can be driven to do the extreme.Lawrence Alex reed instrument TERM PAPER Page 1African-Americans Representative Realism and the Tulsa Race RiotAbroad

Caesars Speech in Julius Caesar -- William Shakespeare

The Irrefutable ManThe Shakespearean play Julius Caesar, tells the behind the scenes story of the conspirators formulate to kill the influential ruler, Caesar. In the play Caesar makes a speech referring to himself and describes his method of ruling Rome while comparing himself to the North Star. Prior to the speech the conspirators carry come to the Senate to convince Caesar to forgive and restore Cimber after his banishment. But Caesar responds with this speech about him being persistent about his decisions. The speech that Caesar makes about himself can be considered an Epideictic or a Forensic speech, for the reason that he commends himself while creating an touch of his past actions. This excerpt from the play leads up to the devious conspirators plan unfolding and the disturb death of Caesar. Rhetoric is used throughout the speech in order to manipulate and convey how invincible Caesar is as well as express the general theme of the play, be means of delivery, disposition, and style.Delivery is used to persuade others by the way the speech is performed. It can be presented in ways such as tone, voice, emotion, and volume in order to convince the audience where he stands. An example of Caesar praising himself by using a tone change to make certain(p) the attention is on him is, I could be well moved if I were as you, If I could pray to move, prayers would move, here he is saying that if he were in the Senates situation that he could easily be persuaded by Caesars oration, which gets the attention of the Senate and gives Caesar the floor (3,1,58 & 59). While Caesar says these lines it creates a picture in my mind of Caesar gesturing toward himself and the haughtiness he has in his voice. Another example of Caesars delivery of thi... ...ler star, which represents the commoners of Rome, with one larger star that represents Caesar. Using figurative language and imagery in speeches adds to the convulsion of the scene, and in this case, the theme of the p lay, being fate vs. free will.With this speech, Caesar seals his fate. After disregarding three separate warnings that his life would be in danger and he noneffervescent goes to the Senate that day, Caesar sits surrounded by the noblemen and denies their request to revoke the banishment of Cimber. He denies fate and believes that his free will is enough to save him. His ego and self-importance grows stronger by the word, as he compares himself to the brightest star in the sky. He is stabbed to death by men who, until they were convinced otherwise, had been loyal to Rome and Caesar. By the end of the play, Caesars supercilious opinion of himself proves true.

Iran-Contra Affair Essay -- US International Relations

America had begun to indulge in the unilateral environment afforded to it during the Cold War. As the Soviet Union began to collapse in the 1980s, the United States was on its way to becoming a solo super power. This acquisition of complete power would inevitably lead the country into new problems, including those foreign and domestic. One of the of import issues that came around in the 1980s for the Unites States was the Iran-Contra Affair, which involved the Reagan Administration. With the United States readily inserting influence across the globe, the Iran-Contra Affair proved how foreign intervention can lead to dirt and disgrace in the modern world. Along with detrimental scandals, the Iran-Contra Affair showed how Americas imperialistic behavior in South America was beginning to enthral up. In order to remain a dominant influence in South America, the United States had no choice but to topple governments that did not array with American ideology. Using guerillas like the Co ntras insinuates Americas cornerstone of doing what is necessary in order to satisfy foreign interest. The Iran-Contra Affair involved the United States, Iran, and Lebanon. The combat coincided with the Iranian hostage crisis, which promoted the United States actions in sending weapons to Iran. The Reagan administration decided to trade arms for hostages in hopes of successfully retrieving American hostages from Iran. Iran was at the time infra the power of Ayatollah Khomeini, who had say his full support behind the hostage crisis and believed there was nothing that the United States could do to Iran. Americas only chance of rescuing the hostages was to put their support behind Iran in the Iran-Iraq War, which involved the shipment of weapons to Iran f... ...es when it comes to implementing controversial foreign policy decisions that directly affect Americans and those in different countries. The main aspect of the map that greatly influences the United States government is ens uring that its past imperialistic motives do not become an integral part of American affairs once again. Works CitedBoland Amendment. Decemmber 2010. http//www.fact-index.com/b/bo/boland_amendment.html (accessed Novemeber 2010).PBS. Reagan Timeline. 2000. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/timeline/index_5.html (accessed November 2010).U.S. History Iran-Contra Affair. Iran-Contra Affair. 2010. http//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1889.html.Vianica. History of the Sandinista Revolution the union of a whole nation. January 2010. http//vianica.com/go/specials/15-sandinista-revolution-in-nicaragua.html (accessed November 2010).