Sustainable management futures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainable management futures - Assignment Example The concept of CSR consists of attractive or good business ethics and is associated with what could be evaluated ethically or morally good (Robins, 2008). According to Waddock (2004) CSR is â€Å"The separation of company responsibilities which associates with a corporate discretionary/voluntary associations with its community and societal stakeholders.† Corporations view integrating an active CSR subsistence as a contrivance to boost their gung ho benefit with exterior and interior stakeholders (Branco & Rodrigues, 2006).This essay examine the CSR activities and behaviour of Sainsbury in its home country and overseas and evaluates it ethical and environmentally responsible behaviour by applying relevant moral theories and sustainability replicas to date and create recommendations. Sainsbury plc is UK’s leading food merchant with interests in financial and non-food services. The group consists of Bells Stores, Sainsbury’s Supermarkets, Sainsbury’s Bank and Jackson’s Stores. It has more than 145,000 employees working under various groups. The business of Sainsbury business is constructed on a dedication to services and quality since 1869 and its main is to give the best products to its customers at an affordable price. In the year 1996, Sainsbury began official reporting with regards to ecological impact. This reporting was further broadened to Corporate Social Responsibility as reply to greater demand among its shareholders. This essay is further divided in various sections that will help us evaluates it ethical and environmentally responsible behaviour by applying relevant moral theories and sustainability replicas to date and create recommendations. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sainsbury CSR means a lot to Sainsbury, as it means offering their consumers abundant range of good and quality food products at a reasonable price. Besides this it also means offering a fair price to it suppliers a reassurance that they have a consumer for their goods. To Sainsbury, this means enriching their communities via career and employment development prospects along with making profits for their shareholders. Moreover the right usage of valuable resources such as electricity and water and perseverance of the local surroundings is yet another aspect for them. Sainsbury’s major CSR objectives are as follows: Perk up energy efficiency Heave colleague responsiveness of energy expenses and ecological effect Transporting produces more economically by reducing the miles travelled by deliverance fleet and utilising electric motor vehicles in its domicile delivery flotilla. In the theoretical structure Sainsbury’s rank greatly for its Corporate Social Responsibility activities particularly with regards ecological issues. Sainsbury’s has spent in energy competence projects, as well as refrigeration, lighting, ventilation and heating showing the corporate enduring financial dedication to CSR actions. Wi th the help of Carbon Trust, Sainsbury has also made a 5 site waste and energy study in order to perk up existing practice in waste and energy management. In addition, in 2010 they drew strategy to alter 20 percent of its house delivery flotilla to electric motor vehicles (Mintel, 2008) which justifies its high score in the theoretical structure for its inbound logistics. Sainsbury’s CSR Strategies The 1st monitoring strategy in order to assist dairy

Ethical Delimas Facing a Profession Essay Example for Free

Ethical Delimas Facing a Profession Essay Healthcare professionals often face complex ethical dilemmas in the workplace. These dilemmas often arise when employment obligations conflict with personal beliefs. An ethical dilemma that is becoming more common in the workplace involves emergency contraception. Emergency contraceptives or morning-after pills are a fiery topic. Some pharmacists are refusing to dispense morning-after pills because it is against their beliefs. Imagine yourself in the position of needing this medication. Should the beliefs of the pharmacist outweigh your rights as the patient? For me, the answer would be a resounding no. According to The Code of Ethics for Pharmacists (Pharmacist. com, 1994), adopted by the membership of the American Pharmacists Association October 27, 1994, â€Å"Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best use of medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is intended to state publicly the principles that form the fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists. These principles, based on moral obligations and virtues, are established to guide pharmacists in relationships with patients, health professionals, and society. † The Code of Ethics further states, â€Å"A pharmacist promotes the right of self-determination and recognizes individual self-worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health. In all cases, a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients. A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work conditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedication to the best interests of patients. This guideline clearly states the responsibilities and duties of the pharmacist are to serve the needs of the patient even when doing so contradicts their personal beliefs. In some states, legislators are introducing bills that would grant pharmacists the right to refuse (refusal clauses also known as conscience clauses) to dispense drugs related to contraception on moral grounds. Other state legislators are introducing legislation that would require pharmacies to fill any legal prescription for birth control. NCSL Health Program, 2011) APhA has had a policy supporting a pharmacist’s conscience clause since 1998. APhA’s two-part policy supports the ability of the pharmacist to step away from participating in activity to which they have personal objections—but not step in the way. The Association supports the pharmacist’s right to choose not to fill a prescription based on moral or ethical values. But recognizing the pharmacist’s important role in the health care system, APhA supports the establishment of systems to ensure that the patient’s health care needs are served. Pharmacist. com, 1994) When it comes to ethics or morality, arguments and counterarguments will never cease. If a person’s religious objections to emergency contraception interfere with their ability to do their job, then they shouldn’t be in that profession. Refusing to do your job because your conscience won’t allow it comes with consequences that you must accept. Businesses and society cannot function if people are able to ignore rules, regulations, standards, and laws on the basis of â€Å"conscience† or religious desire.

Lasers :: essays research papers

The laser is a device that produces a beam of light. The beam is produced by a process known as stimulated emission, and the word “laser'; is an acronym for the phrase “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.'; Lasers amplify light and produce coherent light beams. A light beam is coherent when its waves or photons are in step with one another. Laser light can be made extremely intense, highly directional, and very pure in color. BASIC PRINCIPLES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light can be characterized both by its frequency, or number of wave crests passing a given point per second, and by its wavelength. Different wavelengths of light are seen as different colors. Like radio waves, light can also carry information. The information in the beam varies in the frequency or shape of the light wave. Because light waves are of much higher frequencies than radio waves, the have a higher information carrying capacity. In beams of light,individual photon waves are not moving along together because they are not being emitted at the same instant but instead in random short bursts. Such beams are called incoherent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process for laser action, was first proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. The working principles of lasers were outlined by the American physicists Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes in their 1958 patent application. The patent was granted but was later challenged by the American physicist and engineer Gordon Gould. In 1960 the American physicist Theodore Maiman observed the first laser action in solid ruby. HOW A LASER WORKS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A laser is made up of several basic components. One is called active medium, which consists of atoms of a gas, molecules in a liquid, ions in a crystal, or any of several other possibilities. Another component consists of some method of introducing energy into the active medium, such as a flash lamp. The third basic component is a pair of mirrors placed on either side of the active meduim, one of which transmits part of the radiation that strikes it. Atoms initially in a lower state are raised to the upper state by energy from a flash lamp or some other pumping source. Some of these atoms emit light in random directions. Light traveling vertical to the mirrors stays within the active medium long enough to stimulate emission from other atoms. Light traveling in other directions are soon lost. Some light reaching the output mirror is transmitted to form the laser beam, some is reflected back through the medium to continue the stimulated-emission process.

Ethnic group Essay

Race in America is one of those subjects that scholars rarely broach and are heavily criticized for these omissions by their constituents. For this reason, the subject of race and urbanization felt a proper choice for this final paper. Following, we will incorporate data from multiple sources including Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, a novel that examines the harrowing trials of different groups in Afghanistan and what happens to the ones lucky enough to escape the violence of their homeland into the safety net of American soil; in an attempt to show the inalienable link between race and urbanization. This discussion on urbanization and race in American will also include a brief discussion on classism. Classism is a part of the structural organization of society that can be measured as part of the contributing factors to the socioeconomic divisiveness experienced in this urbanized world. Some argue that gentrification, in all of its wonders is class based. Others argue it more a matter of ethnicity and race, both may be correct. Nevertheless, the issue of race, as aforementioned should be granted a closer look. By examining the ideas and experiences of anthropologists and sociologists past and present this paper will attempt to specify on how classism, racism, and urbanization are connected. Growing Cities and Ghettos The Industrial Revolution sparked an enormous wave of migrants and immigrants into American cities creating an urban ecology. Chapter 3 of the Giddens et. al. text, describes the social movement from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft; from a community based ideology in society to a more individualized world. Afghanistan is an agriculturally based society. Urbanization is a global process that draws people away from rural areas and into the cities. Once in those cities, people tend to gravitate to areas that are inhabited by people of their same cultural fabric. In discussing theories of urbanization, gentrification and displacement, John Bentacur (2010) in Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago points out how people are drawn to areas that have a cultural/ethnic connectivity, â€Å"immigrants with different characteristics compete for space until they get accommodated with alike others in locations that correspond to their competitive strengths† (p 384). In the novel, The Kite Runner, Amir and his father make the arduous migration from Kabul, Afghanistan to Fremont, California. Their low income neighborhood of Fremont is ethnically diverse but with a notable concentration of Afghani residents. It makes sense that when people leave their countries of origin to settle in a new place, they will be drawn to people and areas that are familiar to them. Even with familiarity problems arise, urban studies reveal several difficulties that plague densely populated urban neighborhoods; poverty, crime and dilapidated conditions to name a few. In Afghanistan Baba, Amir’s father, was rich and even wielded some power for being a respected business man and serving the community by creating an orphanage that would later be destroyed by the Taliban regime. In America, there would be no such accolades to speak of for their family. In fact, they would live in a type of poverty, they had never experienced nor hardly imagined. They would experience the existence that many black Americans face with no end in sight. A growing world population combined with globalization and the heightened mobility that comes with it has led to the creation of cities and a scramble for affordable housing. Gentrification also known as ‘urban regeneration’ or ‘re-urbanization’ is the process that happens in a community when it becomes urbanized and consists of the higher income families moving into lower income areas. During this process demographic changes are notable; in America, gentrification is notably marked by white families moving into black neighborhoods. Race and Ethnicity America is a multicultural nation. Our history of slavery created the black and white groups and the immigrant populations from around the world contributes to a high variety of culture and ethnic background. The macro-sociological issue of race and ethnicity has been the source of much debate and discussion. The reason for this is that the issue of race has been the root cause of social and political turmoil. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton provide the backdrop in history when segregation by race was created in America in their book American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Massey and Denton edify that racial segregation was not always a fact of life in American society and that in fact; blacks and whites lived in close proximity to each other, albeit in the alley ways of the big homes occupied by their white neighbors, â€Å"industrialization in the north unleashed a set of social, economic and technological changes that dramatically altered the urban environment in ways that promoted segregation between social groups† (1993:19-26). Urbanization and technological advancement (causing blacks in the south to migrate to northern cities by the tens of thousands) would be the foundation for residential segregation where blacks and other minorities would be relegated to the outskirts of town. Black ghettos would remain isolated from society in a manner that was rarely, experienced by the European immigrants that came to this country during industrialization. Blacks and later, Latinos, would be destined to live isolated and neglected from social organizations and deprived from many of the benefits enjoyed by white communities with little hope of escape, â€Å"not only was the segregation of European ethnic groups lower, it was also temporary. Whereas Europeans isolation indices began to drop shortly after 1920, the spatial isolation characteristics of blacks had become a permanent feature of the residential structure of large American cities by 1940† (Massey and Denton 1993:57). In America, race and ethnicity is more clearly defined than in places like Afghanistan. According to data gathered from the PBS News Hour website, Afghanistan has nine different ethnic groups that reside in different territories of the country. They have fought and continue to fight civil wars, over culture (religion), legislative power and territory. Afghanistan and the U. S. are similar in their historical oppression of one ethnic group over another. In Afghanistan, the Pashtun/Sunni have for a long time ruled the land and claimed dominion over the Hazara/Shites. The Hazara group can be considered the equivalent to the Black demographic in America where historically they were the slave class, but are currently represented in government. Statistics In a rapidly modernizing world, Afghanistan is among the severely underdeveloped countries of the Middle East. As previously mentioned, Afghanistan is a multiethnic/multifaith, agriculturally based democracy, with a history of violence. And it perhaps it is this history, in addition to deep religious belief systems that have kept this land from joining the rest of the modern world. In reviewing the Millennium Development Goals indicators, data collected by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), I reviewed several indicators that point to the fact that Afghanistan has a long road ahead. Afghanistan is making slow but sure progress trying to bring itself into a socially, politically and economically stable place. The first indicator measured the number of underweight children less than 59 months. The UNSD defines this indicator as a high number of moderately to severely underweight children, â€Å"whose weights for age are less than two standard deviations†. According to the report a healthy population will have 2. 3 percent of their children in this category. In 2004, 32. 9 percent of Afghanistan’s children were reportedly underweight, compared to 44. 9 percent in 1997. This indicator points to the poverty level and lack of nourishment recorded within a seven year period in Afghanistan. A second indicator measures women’s rights and representation in government. This indicator is defined as, â€Å"the portion of seats held by women in national parliament† increased from 3. 7 percent in 1990 to 27. 3 percent in 2006. The measurement was sustained through 2012 at 27. 7 percent. More work needs to be done and educating the population should be the place to start. Theological Link The Modernization Theory discussed in the text looks to explain the underdevelopment of countries like Afghanistan. Marx worried about capitalism and the effects it had on the lower-class population and thereby, the democratic process. Marx’s Conflict Theory dictates that societies are ruled by a small group of elite that create social order for the larger population. In this, we have the creation of divisions by class (division of labor), a central topic of discourse since the beginning of industrialized times. The French Revolution of 1787 (also known as the revolt of the bourgeois or middle-class society) creating capitalism and thereby usurping government power from monarchs. Karl Marx hated democracy. â€Å"Democracy is the road to socialism† (Karl Marx) Capitalism created tensions between the working and bourgeois classes. Summary Race and urbanization are indivisibly linked. Marxism and Class Conflict is the most applicable theory of today’s society. Considering the current events and status of world order, it is undeniable; capitalism continues to be the most powerful ideology in the world. The United States is a powerful country and the way it retains power is by unwaveringly maintaining capitalistic ideology and participating in global conflict around the world in defense of this ideology, â€Å"power, ideology, and conflict are always closely connected† (Giddens 2012:20). Societies are based on trust and these trusts are broken by the people that create and uphold unjust rules for the population of color and the poor. Works Cited Betancur, John. 2010. â€Å"Gentrification and community fabric in Chicago. † Urban Studies Journal Foundation. Sage 48(2): 383 – 407. Retrieved from http://usj. sagepub. com/content/48/2/383 Giddens, Anthony, Mitchell Duneier, Richard P. Applebaum and Deborah Carr. 2012. â€Å"Introduction to sociology. † New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Eighth ed. , pp. 15-78. Massey, Douglas and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. â€Å"The construction of the ghetto. † Pp 17-59 in American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making for the Underclass. Harvard University Press. Retrieved from http://ereserve. baruch. cuny. edu. remote. baruch. cuny. edu/eres/coursepage. aspx? cid=3155&page=docs United Nations Statistics Division. (1991-2011) [Table Data on Gender Parity Index in Primary Enrollment retrieved November 5, 2012. ] Millenium Development Goals Indicators. Retrieved from http://mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Metadata. aspx? IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=559 United Nations Statistics Division. (1991-2011) [Table Data on Gender Parity Index in Primary Enrollment retrieved November 5, 2012. ] Millenium Development Goals Indicators. Retrieved from http://mdgs. un. org/unsd/mdg/Metadata. aspx? IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=557.

Ecoterrorist Groups in the United States Essay

Terrorism, in any form, is frowned upon by many people. However, when it is related to taking care of our environment, it could be quite controversial because environmentalism is embraced across all political spectrums. Like the right wing or left wing extremists, violent ecologists and animal rights advocates have caused some scare among people in the United States. This called ecoterrorism and some of these groups often destroy properties that they perceive beneficial to the environment and animals. As Laquer (1999) informed, the word ecoterrorism has been coined to name violent environmentalists (also called â€Å"greens† and other names) that push their ideologies and beliefs to the extreme. Their complaints are as just as those of Christians, Muslims, Jews, Socialists, Anarchists, and indeed most other ideologies and religions of our time, who cannot possibly be made responsible for the actions of the extremists within their ranks. However, in all these value systems, there are beliefs that, if carried to an extreme, may provide inspiration for acts of violence (p. 99). William Dyson (2000), a retired FBI agent who spent nearly 30 years working on domestic terrorism, says it is necessary to look at the way police officers classify crimes and the economic impact of violent ecological extremism to understand the full scope of ecoterrorism. Dyson contends most of the crimes are reported as localized vandalism. The significance of the total destruction is missed. Dyson says when the total economic impact of ecoterrorism is calculated, it demonstrates that the United States has been victimized by a long term terrorist campaign. In fact, in the testimony of FBI Director Louis Freeh (10 May 2001) about the terrorist threats in the United States, he classified ecoterrorism as â€Å"special interest terrorism†. He reasoned out that this is different â€Å"from traditional right-wing and left-wing terrorism in that extremist special interest groups seek to resolve specific issues, rather than effect more widespread political change. Special interest extremists continue to conduct acts of politically motivated violence to force segments of society, including, the general public, to change attitudes about issues considered important to their causes†. These â€Å"special interest† terrorist groups could support their belief in â€Å"extreme fringes of animal rights, pro-life, environmental, anti-nuclear, and other political and social movements†. Moreover, these groups can belong animal rights and environmental movements and â€Å"they have turned increasingly toward vandalism and terrorist activity in attempts to further their causes†. Bryan Denson and James Long (1999) have conducted a detailed study of ecological violence. They found that damage from ecoterrorism have already reached millions of dollars. They conducted a 10-month review and considered crime only in excess of $50,000. Cases that could not be linked to environmental groups were eliminated. They found 100 cases with very few successful law enforcement investigations. According to Denson and Long (1999), most violence has taken place in the American West. From 1995 to 1999, damages totaled $28. 8 million. Crimes included raids against farms; destruction of animal research laboratories at the University of California in Davis and Michigan State University, threats to individuals, sabotage against industrial equipment and even arson. History of Ecoterrorism in the United States The history of radical ecoterrorism goes back to 1980 when a group of five militants belonging to mainstream organizations such as the Sierra Club and Friends of the Earth decided, at the end of a hike, that far more drastic action was needed in view of the imminent destruction of nature, or what remained of it. To them it seemed pointless to work within the system, and thus Earth First was born (Laquer, 1999). Many Earth First activists argue that ecotage (ecologic sabotage) â€Å"can actually prevent destructive activity underway—driving the worst Earth destroyers right out of business— erasing their profits by slowing their work and destroying their tools† (Taylor 1991, p. 263). Despite the fact that ecoterrorism in the US sparked in the 1980s,, two of the most influential books for ecoterrorists were published in the 1970s. These books are Robert Townsend’s Ecotage (1972) and Edward Abbey’s The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975). Edward Abbey’s novel told the story of a group of ecologists who were fed up with industrial development in the West. Abbey is an environmental activist and not a hate-filled ideologue like William Pierce. His novel is a fictional account that has inspired others. In The Monkey Wrench Gang, the heroes drive through the Western states sabotaging bulldozers, burning billboards, and damaging the property of people they deem to be destroying the environment. Incidentally, this is the same type of low-level terrorism German leftists used in the mid-1990s. ) The term â€Å"monkey wrenching† has since became synonymous to ecoterrorism. Laquer (1999) thought that environment radicalism in the United States might have been connected with general political developments. The Carter administration in the 1970s initially was thought to sympathize with the aims of the ecologists, but these hopes proved false. The government neglected more forests to be put at the disposal of the timber industry. Environmentalists reacted in anger, which only increased as more deregulation occurred under President Reagan in the 1980s. The language of the radicals became more violent, as did the character of their actions. As one of the more radical thinkers maintained, the salvation of the earth required an end to civilization and to the vast majority of mankind. They saw human beings as no more important than any other member of the biological community, and with no more rights than animals–or, indeed, than inanimate objects such as forests, rivers, and mountains. Seen in this light, they felt it had been wrong for modern medicine to combat infectious diseases, for bacteria and viruses also had rights–as one of the ecological thinkers put it, eradicating smallpox had been immoral inasmuch as it had been an unwarranted interference with the balance of the ecosystem. Ecoterrorist Groups in the United States In the United States, the most prominent ecoterrorist groups are the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), Earth First, and the Justice Department are interested in environmental preservation. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF), Animal Rights Militia, Band of Mercy, and Paint Panthers champion animal rights. However, it is the violent groups like the ELF and ALF that advocate and engage in economic damage. The rhetorical groups, such as the Church of Euthanasia, simply border on the bizarre, advocating suicide, sodomy, and cannibalism to voluntarily eliminate the earth’s human population (White, 2003). In fact, FBI now ranks both ALF and ELF as the leading domestic terrorism groups that threaten United States, surpassing the Timothy McVeigh-style militia extremists who dominated the terrorism scene during much of the 1990s. James Jarboe, FBI domestic-terrorism section chief said that they estimated that the ALF/ ELF have committed more than 600 criminal acts in the United States since 1996, resulting in damages in excess of $43 million. Worse, the threat is growing because animal and environmental activists are turning increasingly toward vandalism and terrorism to further their causes (Richardson, 2002). According to Atkins (2004), ELF was originally formed by the dissident members of Earth First! in Great Britain in the early 1990s, an American version started operation in 1996 and allied with the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). The group took aim at targets it perceived as causing or promoting harm to the environment, from biotechnology research laboratories to automobile dealerships. In the US, they first made the national news with the arson of five buildings and four ski lifts in Vail, Colorado, on October 17, 1998. Environmentalists had been fighting the Vail Resorts over an area that was wintering grounds for elk and a habitat for the endangered lynx. Since 1997 the Southern Poverty Law Center has attributed ELF with dozens of terrorist attacks and $30 million in damages (p. 91). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said the group had claimed credit for bombings and arson that had caused some $40 million in damage since the mid-1990s, when the group began its campaign in North America. Although no one had been injured in any of the bombings and fires, the FBI considered the ELF one of the most dangerous organizations in the country. Among the acts of vandalism and arson that the group had claimed responsibility for in 2001 were: †¢ An August 21 vandalism attack on a Long Island, New York cancer research laboratory. †¢ Coordinated June 12 vandalism attacks on five Bank of New York branches in Suffolk County, New York. †¢ A June 10 vandalism attack on the University of Idaho’s biotechnology building. †¢ A June 1 fire in Eagle Creek, Oregon, near a timber sale site in a federal forest. Two separate May 21 arson attacks, the first at a poplar tree farm in Clatskanie, Oregon, the second at the Center for Urban Horticulture at the University of Washington in Seattle. †¢ A March 30 fire at an auto dealership in Eugene. †¢ A January 2 fire at the offices of a lumber company in Glendale, Oregon (â€Å"Law Catches Up to,† 2002, p. A01). Because of ELF’s decentralized structure, this allowed separate cells to act independently of each other and its reliance on the Internet computer network to communicate, made it difficult to capture culprits. Typically, the group would claim responsibility for an act through its press office in Portland, Oregon Despite probes of the press office and the people who ran it, authorities had made little progress in seizing members guilty of sabotage. Knickerbocker (2005) presented salient proof that ELF has â€Å"guidelines† that prove their ecoterroristic activities. These include taking â€Å"all necessary precautions against harming any animal, human and non-human. † But they also include a call to â€Å"inflict economic damage on those profiting from the destruction and exploitation of the natural environment. An ELF â€Å"communique† taking responsibility for a 2002 firebombing of a US Forest Service research station in Pennsylvania declared: â€Å"While innocent life will never be harmed in any action we undertake, where it is necessary, we will no longer hesitate to pick up the gun to implement justice, and provide the needed protection for our planet that decades of legal battles, pleading, protest, and economic sabotage have failed †¦ to achieve. † Moreover, the group’s website includes a 37-page how-to manual titled â€Å"Setting Fires With Electrical Timers. † As a cousin of ELF, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) has been described as the most militant of the American animal rights groups. It has its roots in Great Britain where a small body of activists, the Hunt Saboteurs, opposed hunting and hunters by resorting to disruptive tactics. Two activists, Ronald Lee and Clifford Goodman, decided in 1972 to resurrect a nineteenth-century antivivisection group, the Band of Mercy. After a series of anti-hunting incidents, this group changed its tactics to direct action on animal rights issues and renamed itself the Animal Liberation Front. When the group used violence against animal research facilities, furriers, and farming, Scotland Yard classified the ALF as a terrorist organization. The ALF is organized into two segments—a public organization for publicity, fund-raising, and propaganda, and a covert wing of tightly organized cells of activists willing to carry out attacks on property and rescue animals. The British group has around 2,500 active members, but only about 50 members are radical enough to carry out violent attacks. Because of the success of the British ALF operations, American animal rights supporters formed a branch in the United States (Atkins, 2004, p. 0). According to ALF’s website, animal rights criminals have a system to publicize their activities. Like all terrorists, ecoterrorists try to create an aura of power through publicity. ALF takes it further, using the Web site as a training device. For example, tactics for raiding mink farms are given in great detail. Utilizing a four-part series, an ALF member tells readers the methods for establishing and operating a cell, procedures for obtaining funds, and directions for planning and carrying out operations. However, like all extremists, their positions are full of contradictions and virtual absurdities. For example, the Web site for the â€Å"we-use-no-animal-products† ALF tells people to use leather gloves when raiding a mink farm. It also compares people who eat meat with Nazis and describes farms as concentration camps. Apparently, ALF members are unaware that Adolf Hitler was a vegetarian. Atkins (2004) reported the firebombing of the unfinished Animal Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of California at Davis on April 16, 1987, which resulted in 4. million in damages, was the most destructive operation of ALF. Representatives of the ALF never claimed responsibility for this act, but police officials have been able to uncover evidence of its involvement. Despite numerous violent operations, only two individuals, Roger Thoen and Virginia Bollinger, have been arrested and convicted for activities involving the ALF. Conclusion Ecoterrorists are uncompromising, illogical extremists just like their right-wing counterparts. A review of their ideological literature shows they use ecology as a surrogate religion (White, 2000). While not one action of ELF or ALF so far comes close to the magnitude of the attacks on the World Trade Center, the government should not ignore the threats posed by these groups. With few arrests or prosecutions have followed from the violent actions of environmentalists or animal-rights advocates, these groups may become more violent and bolder in the future. Thus, it is recommended that the US government should monitor the activities of these ecoterrorist groups and apply harsher sanctions for offenders.

Here Are Six Career Tips for Students Who Want to Work in Journalism

Here Are Six Career Tips for Students Who Want to Work in Journalism If youre a journalism student or even just a college student whos thinking about a career in the news business, chances are youve encountered a lot of confusing and contradictory advice about what you should do in school to prepare. Should you get a journalism degree? What about communications? How do you get practical experience? And so on. As someone whos worked in journalism and been a journalism professor for 15 years I get these questions all the time. So here are my top six tips. 1. Dont major in communications: If you want to work in the news business, do not, I repeat, do not get a degree in communications. Why not? Because communications degrees are so broad editors dont know what to make of them. If you want to work in journalism, get a journalism degree. Unfortunately, many j-schools have been subsumed into communications programs, to the point where some universities dont even offer journalism degrees anymore. If thats the case at your school, move on to tip no. 2. 2. You absolutely dont have to get a journalism degree: Heres where I contradict myself. Is a journalism degree a great idea if you want to be a journalist? Absolutely. Is it absolutely necessary? No. Some of the best journalists around never went to j-school. But if you decide not to get a journalism degree its even more important that you get loads and loads of work experience. And even if you dont get the degree, I would definitely recommend taking some journalism classes. 3. Get work experience everywhere you can: As a student, getting work experience is sort of like throwing lots of spaghetti at the wall until something sticks. My point is, work everywhere you can. Write for the student newspaper. Freelance for local weekly papers. Start your own citizen journalism blog where you cover local news events. The point is, get as much work experience as you can because that, in the end, will be what lands you your first job. 4. Dont worry about going to a prestigious j school. A lot of people worry that if they dont go to one of the top journalism schools, they wont have a good head start for a career in news. Thats nonsense. I happen to know a guy whos president of one of the network news divisions, about as important a job as you can get in this field. Did he go to Columbia, Northwestern or UC Berkeley? No, he went to Temple University in Philadelphia, which has a good journalism program but one that probably isnt on any top 10 lists. Your college career is what you make of it, which means doing well in your classes and getting lots of work experience. In the end, the name of the school on your degree wont matter much. 5. Seek out professors with real-world experience: Unfortunately, the trend in university journalism programs the last 20 years or so has been to hire faculty who have PhDs in front of their names. Some of these people have also worked as journalists, but many have not. The result is that many journalism schools are staffed with professors whove probably never seen the inside of a newsroom. So when youre signing up for your classes - especially practical journalism skills courses - check the faculty bios on your programs website and make sure to pick the profs whove actually been there and done that. 6. Get the tech training, but dont neglect the fundamentals: There is a lot of emphasis on technical training in journalism programs these days, and its a good idea to pick up those skills. But remember, youre training to be a journalist, not a tech geek. The most important thing to learn in college is how to write and report. Skills in things like digital video, layout and photography can be picked up along the way.

The Women of Brewster Place, Dawn, Mattie Michael Essays

The Women of Brewster Place, Dawn, Mattie Michael Essays DaTaesha Brown English 103 Professor Kennedy April 4th, 2016 Journals The Women of Brewster Place, Dawn, Mattie Michael The opening of the book starts with Dawn which gives description of the unmanned city which Brewster Place is created in. Mattie Michael is a southern bell who ends up pregnant while being shelter and protected all her life by her strong willed and religious father. She moves away to survive on her own with her child. She becomes a working parent whose main purpose is to provide and survive for her child. She then turns into her father by sheltering her child into nothing but undisciplined loved. As he grows older with a passive mother he gets into some legal trouble that he cannot manipulate his way out of. Basil is locked up for involuntary murder and his mother puts up her house up for his bond, and Basil subjected to his selfishness fled the city and forced his mother into moving to Brewster place. The Women of Brewster Place, Etta Mae Johnson, Kiswana Browne Etta Mae Johnson is Mattie Michaels childhood friend and a free spirited woman who struggles with the desire and love she wants from a man. Etta Mae goes from man to man searching for her desire of love from a man she is willing to stay with. She searches for her love in the men who are flashy in appearance. She attends church with Mattie and meets Reverend Woods who she has a fling with, and only to realize after having sexual intercourse with him that it was all another desire and she didnt truly want him. Feeling yet again used and broken by herself she is delighted to find that the one person who loves her dearly and unconditionally is waiting up for her playing her songs. Kiswana Browne, unlike the previous two characters, chose to live in Brewster Place. Kiswana has dropped out of college running away from her past, in search of finding herself. She has changed her name and has family issues with her parents. When her mother returns she asks why has she changed her name and Kis wana releases anger and rage upon her mother telling her how she is a white mans nigger. Kiswanas mother explains to her the pride and heritage of her name and how proud she should be to carry on and be in this bloodline. The Women of Brewster Place, Luciela Louise Turner Luciela Louise Turner who appeared in the beginning of the novel as Miss Evas granddaughter who was abandoned by her parents and being raise by her grandmother until she passed away. Luciela is now all grown up with a child name Serena by Eugene. Eugene is portrayed as the typical man who had a baby with a woman that he was not ready for so in return he takes his regret and rage out on how he treats them. Eugene is jobless and does not help when it comes to their daughter. Eugene comes home one day lying about a job he was offered in Maine and how he had to leave immediately. Luciela knowing that it was all a lie began to argue with him and take her attention off Serena. Serena chasing a roach in their home while her parents fight sticks her hands into an electrical socket and dies. Luciela left with no child and an aborted child deals with her grief by sobbing into Matties arms. The Women of Brewster Place, Cora Lee Cora Lee had an enormous obsession with baby dolls when she was younger. Of course every child has a huge obsession that their parents think they will grow out of but this continued into adulthood. Cora Lees aunt told her when she was 16 years old that she should have some babies of her own and this sparked lightbulbs. Cora Lee was so infatuated with the ideas of babies that she conceived them for the idea alone not realizing that they grew older. Cora Lees children are neglected by her because she only knows how to care for them as infants. Kiswana notices Cora Lees children are neglected and invites them along with Cora to a Shakespeare play. Cora was inspired by the play